You are more transparent than you think - Sajan Saini

597,022 views ใƒป 2019-06-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
Itโ€™s an increasingly common sight in hospitals around the world:
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื:
00:12
a nurse measures our height, weight, blood pressure,
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:15
and attaches a glowing plastic clip to our finger.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืœื™ืค ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืœืืฆื‘ืขื ื•.
00:19
Suddenly, a digital screen reads out the oxygen level in our bloodstream.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืžืกืš ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:24
How did that happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
00:25
How can a plastic clip learn something about our bloodโ€ฆ
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ืื™ืš ืงืœื™ืค ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื ืฉืœื ื•....
00:29
without a blood sample?
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ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื“ื?
00:31
Hereโ€™s the trick:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง:
00:32
our bodies are translucent,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ,
00:34
meaning they donโ€™t completely block and reflect light.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืกื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ.
00:38
Rather, they allow some light to actually pass through our skin,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ,
00:42
muscles, and blood vessels.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
00:44
Donโ€™t believe it?
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ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื?
00:45
Hold a flashlight to your thumb.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืคื ืก ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื›ื.
00:47
Light, it turns out, can help probe the insides of our bodies.
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ืื•ืจ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:52
Consider that medical fingerclipโ€”
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืงืœื™ืค ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ --
00:55
itโ€™s called a pulse oximeter.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ืœืื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืคื•ืœืกื™.
00:57
When you inhale, your lungs transfer oxygen into hemoglobin molecules,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื, ื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ,
01:02
and the pulse oximeter measures the ratio of oxygenated to oxygen-free hemoglobin.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืกื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:09
It does this by using a tiny red LED light on one side of the fingerclip,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ LED ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื™ืค,
01:14
and a small light detector on the other.
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ื•ื’ืœืื™ ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:17
When the LED shines into your finger,
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ื›ืฉื” LED ืžืื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืฆื‘ืข,
01:19
oxygen-free hemoglobin in your blood vessels absorbs the red light
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ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื
01:24
more strongly than its oxygenated counterpart.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ.
01:27
So the amount of light that makes it out the other side
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:30
depends on the concentration ratio of the two types of hemoglobin.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:35
But any two patients will have different-sized blood vessels in their fingers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฆืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:39
For one patient, a saturation reading of ninety-five percent
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ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืื—ื“, ืจื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
01:43
corresponds to a healthy oxygen level,
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ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืชืงื™ื ื”,
01:45
but for another with smaller arteries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืขื ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:47
the same reading could dangerously misrepresent the actual oxygen level.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
01:53
This can be accounted for with a second infrared wavelength LED.
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ืขื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช LED ืื™ื ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:57
Light comes in a vast spectrum of wavelengths,
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ืื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ,
02:00
and infrared light lies just beyond the visible colors.
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ื•ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื”.
02:04
All molecules, including hemoglobin,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ,
02:07
absorb light at different efficiencies across this spectrum.
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ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
02:11
So contrasting the absorbance of red to infrared light
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ืื– ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ืœืื™ื ืคื ืื“ื•ื
02:15
provides a chemical fingerprint to eliminate the blood vessel size effect.
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ืžืกืคืง ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
02:20
Today, an emerging medical sensor industry is exploring all-new degrees
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ืœืื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื
02:25
of precision chemical fingerprinting,
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช,
02:27
using tiny light-manipulating devices no larger than a tenth of a millimeter.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
02:32
This microscopic technology,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:34
called integrated photonics,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช,
02:36
is made from wires of silicon that guide lightโ€”
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ --
02:40
like water in a pipeโ€”
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช --
02:41
to redirect, reshape, even temporarily trap it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
02:46
A ring resonator device, which is a circular wire of silicon,
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื–ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืžืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
02:50
is a light trapper that enhances chemical fingerprinting.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื›ื“ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:53
When placed close to a silicon wire,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ื˜ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
02:56
a ring siphons off and temporarily stores only certain waves of lightโ€”
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืžื ืงื–ืช ื•ืื•ื’ืจืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืจืง ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื --
03:01
those whose periodic wavelength fits a whole number of times
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ืืœื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื
03:04
along the ringโ€™s circumference.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
03:06
Itโ€™s the same effect at work when we pluck guitar strings.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื”.
03:10
Only certain vibrating patterns dominate a string of a particular length,
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ืจืง ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:15
to give a fundamental note and its overtones.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืชื• ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:18
Ring resonators were originally designed
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ืจื–ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ
03:20
to efficiently route different wavelengths of lightโ€”
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ืœื ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
03:23
each a channel of digital dataโ€”
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ --
03:25
in fiber optics communication networks.
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:28
But some day this kind of data traffic routing
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžื™ื“ืข
03:31
may be adapted for miniature chemical fingerprinting labs,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืœืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
03:35
on chips the size of a penny.
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ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
03:37
These future labs-on-a-chip may easily, rapidly,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช-ืขืœ-ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:41
and non-invasively detect a host of illnesses,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
03:44
by analyzing human saliva or sweat in a doctorโ€™s office
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื• ื–ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื•ืคื
03:48
or the convenience of our homes.
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ืื• ื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:50
Human saliva in particular
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ืจื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:53
mirrors the composition of our bodiesโ€™ proteins and hormones,
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:56
and can give early-warning signals for certain cancers
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืชืจืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:00
and infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื• ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:03
To accurately identify an illness,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืžื—ืœื”,
04:05
labs-on-a-chip may rely on several methods,
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช,
04:08
including chemical fingerprinting,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
04:10
to sift through the large mix of trace substances in a sample of spit.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืจื•ืง.
04:15
Various biomolecules in saliva absorb light at the same wavelengthโ€”
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืง ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ --
04:19
but each has a distinct chemical fingerprint.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:22
In a lab-on-a-chip, after the light passes through a saliva sample,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืง,
04:26
a host of fine-tuned rings
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช
04:29
may each siphon off a slightly different wavelength of light
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”
04:32
and send it to a partner light detector.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืœืื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš.
04:35
Together, this bank of detectors will resolve
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ื™ื—ื“, ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ืœื”
04:38
the cumulative chemical fingerprint of the sample.
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ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช.
04:41
From this information, a tiny on-chip computer,
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ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื‘,
04:44
containing a library of chemical fingerprints for different molecules,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:47
may figure out their relative concentrations,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื,
04:50
and help diagnose a specific illness.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:53
From globe-trotting communications to labs-on-a-chip,
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ืžืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘,
04:57
humankind has repurposed light to both carry and extract information.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆืื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื•ืจ - ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™.
05:02
Its ability to illuminate continues to astonish us with new discoveries.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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