Rhythm in a box: The story of the cajon drum - Paul Jennings

166,358 views ใƒป 2015-03-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Many modern musical instruments are cumbersome or have a lot of parts.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.
00:11
Some need a stand or a stool.
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ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืื• ืฉืจืคืจืฃ.
00:14
But the cajon is a drum, a stand and a seat all in one convenient box.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฃ, ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืฉืจืคืจืฃ, ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืื—ืช.
00:21
And this simplicity may be key to its journey across continents and cultures
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ื•ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:25
to become one of the most popular percussion instruments in the world today.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:30
The cajon's story begins in West Africa,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:34
whose indigenousness people had rich musical traditions
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื”
00:37
centered on drumming and dancing.
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ืฉืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื™ืคื•ืฃ ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
00:39
When many of them were captured and brought to the Americas as slaves,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:43
they brought this culture with them,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:45
but without their native instruments, they had to improvise.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืœืชืจ.
00:50
African slaves in coastal Peru didn't have the materials
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ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ืคืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:53
or the opportunity to craft one of their traditional drums
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ืื• ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:56
such as a djembe or a djun djun.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื’'ืžื‘ื” ืื• ื”ื“ื”ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ื•ืŸ.
00:59
But what they did have were plenty of shipping crates.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื’ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”.
01:02
Not only were these readily accessible,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
01:05
but their inconspicuous appearance
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ื’ื ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืœื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื
01:07
may have helped get around laws prohibiting slaves from playing music.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
01:12
Early Peruvian cajons consisted of a simple box
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ืงื”ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืคืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
01:15
with five thick wooden sides.
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
01:18
The sixth side, made of a thinner sheet of wood,
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืœื•ื— ืขืฅ ื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:20
would be used as the striking surface,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื”ืงืฉื”,
01:23
or more commonly known as the tapa.
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ืื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื˜ืคื”.
01:25
A sound hole was also cut into the back to allow the sound to escape.
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
01:30
As an Afro-Peruvian culture developed,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื• ืคืจื•ืื ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”,
01:33
and new forms of music and dance, such as Zamacueca,
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ืžืงื•ืืงื”,
01:36
Festejo and Landรณ were born,
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ืคืกื˜ื—'ื• ื•ืœื ื“ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื•,
01:39
the cajon became a dedicated musical instrument in its own right.
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ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:44
Early modifications involved simply bending the planks of the box
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื–
01:48
to tweak the sound,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
01:50
and when abolition of slavery introduced the cajon to a broader population,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:54
more improvisation and experimentation soon followed.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
01:59
Perhaps the person most responsible for introducing the cajon
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ
02:02
to European audiences was Spanish Flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucรญa.
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ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืคืœืžื ืงื• ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืคืืงื• ื“ื” ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
02:08
When touring in Peru in 1977,
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื• ื‘ 1977,
02:11
he and his percussionist Rubem Dantas
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ืฉืœื• ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื˜ืืก
02:14
discovered the cajon and brought it back to Spain,
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื“,
02:18
recognizing its potential for use in Flamenco music.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืคืœืžื ืงื•.
02:21
By stretching guitar strings along the inside of the tapa,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื—ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ืคื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
02:25
the flamenco musicians were able to create a buzz-like snare sound.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคืœืžื ืงื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ืžื–ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืกื ื™ื™ืจ.
02:29
Combined with the regular base tone,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืก ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
02:31
this gave the cajon a sound close to a basic drum set.
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ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœืงื”ื•ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื˜ ืชื•ืคื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:36
The cajon quickly caught on,
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ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื”ืจื”,
02:38
not only becoming standard in Flamenco,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืคืš ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืœืžื ืงื•,
02:40
but being used in genres like folk, jazz, blues and rock.
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’'ื ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœืง, ื’'ืื–, ื‘ืœื•ื– ื•ืจื•ืง.
02:46
Today, many specialized cajons are manufactured,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:49
some with adjustable strings,
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ื›ืžื” ืขื ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื,
02:51
some with multiple playing surfaces,
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ื›ืžื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”,
02:53
and some with a snare mechansim.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื ื™ื™ืจ.
02:56
But the basic concept remains the same,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื”,
02:59
and the story of the cajon shows
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื•ืŸ ืžืจืื”
03:01
that the simplest things can have the most amazing potential
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
03:05
when you think outside and inside the box.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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