The sexual deception of orchids - Anne Gaskett

569,940 views ใƒป 2019-02-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
The worldโ€™s largest orchid grows several meters tall.
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ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:11
The tiniest is practically invisible.
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ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
00:14
Some bloom high up in trees,
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ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
00:16
while others live underground.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
00:18
All in, there are around 28,000 species of orchid on earth โ€“
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 28,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
00:24
about as many as all the bird, mammal and reptile species combined.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
00:29
They grow all over the world,
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:31
bearing every imaginable colour, shape, and pattern.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ.
00:35
And thereโ€™s a cunning purpose behind these elaborate displays:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•:
00:40
many orchids trick insects,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืจืžื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื,
00:42
sometimes even into having sex with them.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก ืื™ืชื.
00:46
Like other flowers,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:48
most orchids need to attract insects
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืจืงื™ื
00:50
to gather their pollen and carry it between plants.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
00:54
But unlike most flowers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื,
00:56
which attract a range of pollinators with sweet nectar,
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ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืขื ื ืงื˜ืจ ืžืชื•ืง,
00:59
these masters of deception deploy other tacticsโ€“
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ืืฉืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช --
01:03
like pretending to be an insectโ€™s mate,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืœื—ืจืงื™ื,
01:06
letting off alluring scents,
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ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื,
01:09
and mimicking the appearance of other species.
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ื•ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:12
One of their most intriguing methods is sexual deception.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
01:17
Through a combination of sexy shapes and pheromones,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื,
01:20
orchids convince insects to mate with them.
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืื™ืชื.
01:23
Take the bee orchid,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช
01:25
whose petals look almost exactly like the velvety body of a bee.
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ืฉืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื” ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.
01:30
This disguise is so convincing that male bees land on the orchid
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ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘
01:35
and try to have sex with it,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืื™ืชื•,
01:37
picking up pollen as they go.
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ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
01:39
Other orchids have evolved contrasting colours and ultraviolet spotsโ€“
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช --
01:44
invisible to humans but irresistible to insects.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืžืคืชื™ื ืœื—ืจืงื™ื.
01:48
Still others have tactile โ€˜love-handlesโ€™
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ,ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื”, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืช
01:51
that ensure insects are positioned precisely for pollination.
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ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ืื‘ืงื”.
01:56
When a male wasp lands on the hammer orchid, for example,
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ื›ืฉืฆืจืขื” ื–ื›ืจ ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ืกื—ืœื‘ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:59
his enthusiastic mating motion flips a hinge in the flower,
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื—,
02:04
forcing his body into the pollen.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
02:07
At the next flower he visits,
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ื‘ืคืจื— ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืจ,
02:09
that same hinge pushes his pollen-covered body onto the stigma,
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ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ืจ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™,
02:14
fertilizing it.
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ื•ืžืคืจื” ืื•ืชื•.
02:15
Some orchids make such convincing mates
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ื›ืžื” ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื
02:18
that insects even ejaculate on them,
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ืฉื—ืจืงื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:21
wasting valuable sperm.
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ื•ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื–ืจืข ื™ืงืจ.
02:23
But the most vital component of sexual deception is scent:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ื—:
02:28
orchids mimic the precise scent of a single insect species.
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง.
02:33
This is possible because many insects and flowers
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื
02:36
produce simple organic compounds called hydrocarbons,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืคื—ืžื ื™ื,
02:40
which form a layer that protects their bodies from drying out.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
02:44
The precise blend of compounds in this layer is species-specific.
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ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช
ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:48
Its scent can double as a way for insects to attract potential mates,
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ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืจืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื,
02:53
known as a sex pheromone.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ ืกืงืก.
02:55
Over the course of many thousands of years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:58
random compound combinations have given some orchid species
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื
03:02
precisely the same signature scent as particular insect species.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:08
This matching scent allows them to attract male pollinators
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ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื
03:11
who fall over and over again
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ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
03:14
for the flowers masquerading as females
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ื‘ืคื— ื”ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
03:16
of their own species.
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ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:18
Sexual deception isnโ€™t the only trick orchids have up their sleeves.
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ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื.
03:23
Their oldest scam is mimicking the shapes and colours
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ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
03:26
of other nectar-producing flowersโ€”
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ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืฆื•ืฃ --
03:28
but without the sweet nectar.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชื•ืง.
03:31
Some orchids also masquerade as places where insects lay their eggs.
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ื›ืžื” ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื.
03:36
One species not only has the colour and appearance of rotting meat;
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืจืงื‘;
03:40
it emits a scent of decay as wellโ€“
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืฅ ื’ื ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ --
03:42
drawing in flies who deposit their eggs on the flower
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืคืจื—
03:45
and unwittingly pollinate the plant.
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ื•ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื.
03:48
Other orchids look and smell just like the fungi on which certain insects
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
03:53
lay their eggs.
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ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื.
03:55
Where do all these bizarre adaptations come from?
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ืžืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
03:58
Random genetic mutations in orchids may result in a traitโ€“
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” --
04:02
like a scent or a shapeโ€“
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื— ืื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” --
04:04
that, by chance, matches the needs of a single insect species.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืจืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
04:09
The huge diversity within the insect world also increases the likelihood
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
04:14
that an orchid will find a unique audience.
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ืฉืกื—ืœื‘ ื™ืžืฆื ืงื”ืœ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
04:17
Able to make more seeds and offspring with the help of its dedicated pollinators,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
04:22
the orchid successfully reproduces in isolation,
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ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“,
04:25
and becomes a new species.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:28
But because of their dependence on sometimes just one pollinator species,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ื™ืง,
04:33
orchids are also vulnerable,
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ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
04:35
and many quickly go extinct.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:37
Over time, though,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื–ืืช,
04:39
more orchid species have formed than died out,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื ืขืœืžื•,
04:42
and orchids are some of the most diverse flowering plants.
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ื•ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื.
04:46
They have such exuberant and otherworldly shapes
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ืฆื•ืจืชื ื›ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
04:50
that they occasionally deceive human senses, too:
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ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื:
04:53
In their petals we see what appear to be tiny, dancing people,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื,
04:57
monkeyโ€™s faces, spiders,
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ืคื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ื, ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
05:00
and even birds in flight.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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