How fast is the speed of thought? - Seena Mathew

988,968 views ใƒป 2020-11-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
Your mortal enemy has captured you and hooked you up to a bizarre experiment.
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื›ื“ ืืชื›ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:12
Heโ€™s extended your nervous system with one very long neuron
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš
00:17
to a target about 70 meters away.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 70 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:20
At some point, heโ€™s going to fire an arrow.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื” ื—ืฅ.
00:24
If you can then think a thought to the target before the arrow hits it,
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ื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืฅ ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”,
00:28
heโ€™ll let you go.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืชื›ื.
00:30
So who wins that race?
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ืื– ืžื™ ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ?
00:33
In order to answer, we have to examine the hardware of thought: neurons.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”: ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:39
The human brain has about 86 billion of these cells.
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ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:43
They transmit signals down their axons by way of electrical impulses,
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ื”ื ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
00:47
or action potentials.
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ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:49
One neuron can then pass that signal to the next at a synapse
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ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื– ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ืคืกื”
00:53
by way of chemical neurotransmitters.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:56
The signal is received by the next neuronโ€™s dendrites,
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ื”ืื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื,
00:59
propagated down its axon, and passed further along.
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ืžื—ืœื—ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
01:03
So, the key factors that determine how quickly you think
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ืื–, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:07
include how long it takes to generate an initial action potential;
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ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™;
01:10
propagate it down the length of the axon; and transport it through the synapse.
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ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ; ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื”.
01:15
We must also factor in the number of neurons involved
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
01:18
and the distance the signal has to travel.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื”ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
01:21
Letโ€™s see what this looks like in a simple pathwayโ€” your knee-jerk reflex.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” -- ืจืคืœืงืก ื”ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื.
01:25
A strike to your patellar tendon triggers an electrical impulse
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ืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ ื”ืคื˜ืœืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืคื•ืœืก ื—ืฉืžืœื™
01:29
that travels up a sensory neuron to your spine.
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ืฉื ืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:32
There the signal branches, and for the sake of simplicity,
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ืฉื ื”ืื•ืช ืžืชืคืฆืœ, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
01:35
weโ€™ll consider the segment that jumps into a motor neuron
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ื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืงื•ืคืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
01:38
to journey back down your leg.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:40
The total length of the neurons in that pathway
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ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื
01:42
is about 1 meter in someone who is 5 foot 5 inches,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 1.65 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:46
and on average it takes 15 to 30 milliseconds from strike to kick.
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ื•ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื•ืงื— 15 ืขื“ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื›ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื˜ื”.
01:51
Speed is distance divided by time,
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ืง ื—ืœืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ,
01:53
so this signal travels somewhere between 120 to 240 kilometers per hour.
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 120 ืœ 240 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
01:59
The initial action potential accounts for 1 to 5 milliseconds
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 1 ืขื“ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
02:03
and synaptic transmissions only take .1 to .5 milliseconds,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืจืง 0.1 ืขื“ 0.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
02:08
so the bulk of that time is spent within the axons.
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ.
02:12
This is consistent with research findings
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ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ื™ ืขื ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
02:14
that the average individual neuron sends signals at around 180 kilometers per hour.
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ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 180 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
02:19
But speeds can be boosted with myelination and increased axon diameter.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืืœื™ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืืงืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ.
02:24
Myelin is a fatty sheath that insulates an axon,
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ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ,
02:27
preventing electrical currents from leaking out.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื–ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื–ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:30
Meanwhile, axons with larger diameters offer less internal resistance.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:34
These compounded factors can raise the speed of an action potential
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
02:38
as high as 432 kilometers per hour.
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ืขื“ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 432 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื”.
02:43
Thereโ€™s plenty of variation: some people think faster than others,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ: ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
02:46
and your own speed of thought changes throughout your lifetime.
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ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
02:49
In particular, as you reach old age,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:52
the myelin sheath covering your axons wears down,
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ืฉื—ืง,
02:55
and other neuronal structures degrade.
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจื™ื.
02:58
Back to the dastardly experiment.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉืคืœ.
03:01
Arrows shot from recurve bows fly, on average,
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ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงืฉืช ืขืคื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
03:04
around 240 kilometers per hour.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 240 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
03:07
Which means that given a sufficiently long, myelinated or large-diameter neuron,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:12
your thoughts actually could win the race.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ.
03:15
Butโ€ฆ thereโ€™s a wrinkle.
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ืื‘ืœ... ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:17
The arrow and thought donโ€™t leave the gate at the same time;
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ื”ื—ืฅ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ;
03:21
first the arrow fires, then once you perceive it,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
03:25
your signal can start down its path.
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ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘.
03:27
Processing images or music, participating in inner speech,
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ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™,
03:31
and recalling memories all require complicated neural pathways
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ - ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
03:35
that are nowhere close to the linearity of the knee-jerk reflex.
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ืฉืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคืœืงืก ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืจืš.
03:39
The speed at which these thoughts occur is mostly consistent,
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืงื‘ื™ืช,
03:43
with variations based on myelination and axon diameter.
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ.
03:47
But the duration of a thought will vary significantly depending on its routes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื”,
03:52
pitstops, and destination.
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ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื‘ื™ืขื“.
03:55
In this case, when you perceive a threatening stimulus,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืื™ื™ื,
03:58
youโ€™ll invoke a fear startle response.
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ืืชื ืชืคืขื™ืœื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“.
04:01
Similar to the knee-jerk response,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจืš,
04:03
a startle can be involuntary and quite fast.
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ื‘ื”ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
04:06
If the string twangs loud enough,
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ืื ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ืžืงืคืฅ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง,
04:08
you might react in less than 65 milliseconds.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืš 65 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:11
More likely though, your startle reaction will be based on sight.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื”.
04:15
Our eyes can process an image as quickly as 13 milliseconds,
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
04:19
but computation of what youโ€™re seeing and determining the danger it poses
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื”
04:23
can take as long as 180 to 200 milliseconds.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ 180 ืœ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:27
In that time the arrow will have gained a head start of about 13 meters.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฅ ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ 13 ืžื˜ืจ.
04:32
The target is far enough away
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:34
that youโ€™ve got just enough of a chance to catch up,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•,
04:37
if you can quickly, and quite literally, think your way out.
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื•, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื›ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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