How fast is the speed of thought? - Seena Mathew

973,497 views ・ 2020-11-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Your mortal enemy has captured you and hooked you up to a bizarre experiment.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ•™μˆ™μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μž‘μ•„μ„œ
κΈ°κ΄΄ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
He’s extended your nervous system with one very long neuron
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 신경계λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
신경세포 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ•„μ£Ό 길게 λŠ˜μ—¬μ„œ
00:17
to a target about 70 meters away.
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μ•½ 70λ―Έν„° 떨어진 과녁과 μ—°κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
At some point, he’s going to fire an arrow.
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이제 화살을 쏘렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
If you can then think a thought to the target before the arrow hits it,
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λ§Œμ•½ 화살이 맞기 전에 과녁에 생각을 보낼 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
00:28
he’ll let you go.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ ν’€μ–΄ 쀄 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
So who wins that race?
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이 μ‹œν•©μ—μ„œ λˆ„κ°€ μ΄κΈΈκΉŒμš”?
00:33
In order to answer, we have to examine the hardware of thought: neurons.
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λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μƒκ°μ˜ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 쑰사해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ°”λ‘œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—λŠ” 신경세포가 μ•½ 860μ–΅ 개 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
The human brain has about 86 billion of these cells.
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00:43
They transmit signals down their axons by way of electrical impulses,
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그듀은 좕을 λ”°λΌμ„œ μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
or action potentials.
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λ˜λŠ” ν™œλ™ μ „μœ„λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
00:49
One neuron can then pass that signal to the next at a synapse
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μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ—μ„œ κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ„˜κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
by way of chemical neurotransmitters.
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ν™”ν•™ μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
The signal is received by the next neuron’s dendrites,
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λ‹€μŒ μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 가지 λŒκΈ°μ—μ„œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°›κ³ 
00:59
propagated down its axon, and passed further along.
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μΆ•μ‚­ 돌기λ₯Ό 따라 λ‚΄λ €κ°€μ„œ 더 멀리 νΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
So, the key factors that determine how quickly you think
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 빨리 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ •ν•˜λŠ” 핡심 μš”μ†ŒλŠ”
처음 ν™œλ™ μ „μœ„λ₯Ό λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 데 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„,
01:07
include how long it takes to generate an initial action potential;
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01:10
propagate it down the length of the axon; and transport it through the synapse.
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μΆ•μ‚­ 돌기λ₯Ό 따라 λ‚΄λ €λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 데 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„
μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€λ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” 데 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
We must also factor in the number of neurons involved
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λ˜ν•œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ™€
01:18
and the distance the signal has to travel.
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μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 이동해야 ν•˜λŠ” 거리도 κ°μ•ˆν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Let’s see what this looks like in a simple pathwayβ€” your knee-jerk reflex.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 예둜 이λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ£ .
무릎 λ°˜μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
A strike to your patellar tendon triggers an electrical impulse
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무릎 μΈλŒ€λ₯Ό 치면 μ „κΈ° μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
that travels up a sensory neuron to your spine.
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감각 μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ²™μΆ”λ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ£ .
01:32
There the signal branches, and for the sake of simplicity,
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ κ°ˆλΌμ§€λŠ”λ° κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:35
we’ll consider the segment that jumps into a motor neuron
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μš΄λ™ μ‹ κ²½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ” 뢀뢄을 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
to journey back down your leg.
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λ‹€λ¦¬λ‘œ λ‹€μ‹œ λ‚΄λ €κ°€λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
The total length of the neurons in that pathway
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이 κ²½λ‘œμ— μžˆλŠ” μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 총 κΈΈμ΄λŠ”
01:42
is about 1 meter in someone who is 5 foot 5 inches,
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ν‚€κ°€ 165cm라면 μ•½ 1m인데
01:46
and on average it takes 15 to 30 milliseconds from strike to kick.
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좩격뢀터 λ°œλ»—κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ 15~30λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Speed is distance divided by time,
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μ†λ„λŠ” 거리λ₯Ό μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
so this signal travels somewhere between 120 to 240 kilometers per hour.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 μ‹ ν˜Έμ˜ μ†λ„λŠ”
μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή 120km~240kmμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
The initial action potential accounts for 1 to 5 milliseconds
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ν™œλ™ μ „μœ„ λ°œμƒμ— 1~5λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆκ°€ 걸리고
02:03
and synaptic transmissions only take .1 to .5 milliseconds,
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μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€ μ „μ†‘μ—λŠ” 0.1~0.5λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆλ§Œ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
so the bulk of that time is spent within the axons.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ‹œκ°„μ€ μΆ•μ‚­ 돌기 λ‚΄ 전달에 μ†Œμš”λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
This is consistent with research findings
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μ΄λŠ” 연ꡬ 결과와 μΌμΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
that the average individual neuron sends signals at around 180 kilometers per hour.
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평균적인 μ‹ κ²½ 세포 μ‹ ν˜Έμ˜ μ†λ„λŠ” μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή μ•½ 180kmμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
But speeds can be boosted with myelination and increased axon diameter.
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그런데 λ§μ΄μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ μ‹Έκ±°λ‚˜ μΆ•μ‚­μ˜ 지름을 ν‚€μš°λ©΄
02:24
Myelin is a fatty sheath that insulates an axon,
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말이집은 좕삭을 μ—μ›Œμ‹Ό 지방측이고
02:27
preventing electrical currents from leaking out.
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μ „λ₯˜κ°€ μƒˆλŠ” 것을 λ§‰μ•„μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•œνŽΈ, 직경이 더 큰 좕삭은 λ‚΄λΆ€ 저항이 더 μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Meanwhile, axons with larger diameters offer less internal resistance.
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02:34
These compounded factors can raise the speed of an action potential
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 볡합적인 μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ ν™œλ™ μ „μœ„μ˜ 속도가
02:38
as high as 432 kilometers per hour.
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μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή 432kmκΉŒμ§€ 올라갈 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
There’s plenty of variation: some people think faster than others,
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μ†λ„λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 빨리 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
and your own speed of thought changes throughout your lifetime.
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같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ μƒκ°μ˜ 속도가 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
In particular, as you reach old age,
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특히 λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“€λ©΄μ„œ
02:52
the myelin sheath covering your axons wears down,
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좕삭을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 말이집이 λ‹³κ³ 
02:55
and other neuronal structures degrade.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹ κ²½ ꡬ쑰듀도 λ‚‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Back to the dastardly experiment.
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λ‹€μ‹œ κ·Έ λ”μ°ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ£ .
03:01
Arrows shot from recurve bows fly, on average,
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리컀브 ν™œμ—μ„œ 쏜 화살은
03:04
around 240 kilometers per hour.
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보톡 μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή 240km μ •λ„λ‘œ λ‚ μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Which means that given a sufficiently long, myelinated or large-diameter neuron,
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길이가 μ λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  λ§μ΄μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ μ—μ›Œμ‹Ό 데닀 μ‹ κ²½ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 직경이 κ΅΅λ‹€λ©΄
03:12
your thoughts actually could win the race.
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생각이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹œν•©μ—μ„œ 이길 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
But… there’s a wrinkle.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 함정이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
The arrow and thought don’t leave the gate at the same time;
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ν™”μ‚΄κ³Ό 생각은 λ™μ‹œμ— μΆœλ°œν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
first the arrow fires, then once you perceive it,
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λ¨Όμ € 화살이 λ°œμ‚¬λ˜κ³ 
03:25
your signal can start down its path.
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일단 그것을 μΈμ‹ν•œ 후에야 μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ μΆœλ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Processing images or music, participating in inner speech,
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μ˜μƒμ΄λ‚˜ μŒμ•…μ„ λ“£κ±°λ‚˜, λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κ±°λ‚˜,
03:31
and recalling memories all require complicated neural pathways
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기얡을 λ˜μ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ” 것은 λͺ¨λ‘ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ κ²½λ‘œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
that are nowhere close to the linearity of the knee-jerk reflex.
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무릎 λ°˜μ‚¬ 같은 λ‹¨μˆœν•¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것이죠.
03:39
The speed at which these thoughts occur is mostly consistent,
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생각이 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ†λ„λŠ” λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ³ 
말이집이 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹ΈλŠ” 정도와 μΆ•μ‚­μ˜ 직경에 따라 λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
with variations based on myelination and axon diameter.
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03:47
But the duration of a thought will vary significantly depending on its routes,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μƒκ°μ˜ 지속 μ‹œκ°„μ€
경둜, κ²½μœ μ§€, λͺ©μ μ§€μ— 따라 크게 λ°”λ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
pitstops, and destination.
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03:55
In this case, when you perceive a threatening stimulus,
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이 μ‹œν•©μ—μ„œλŠ”. μœ„ν˜‘μ μΈ μžκ·Ήμ„ λ°›μ•„μ„œ
03:58
you’ll invoke a fear startle response.
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λ‘λ €μ›€μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ›€μ°”ν•˜κ³  λ°˜μ‘ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
Similar to the knee-jerk response,
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무릎 λ°˜μ‚¬μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ
04:03
a startle can be involuntary and quite fast.
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놀라움은 λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ μ΄κ³  κ½€ λΉ λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
If the string twangs loud enough,
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μ‹œμœ„ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 크게 울리면
04:08
you might react in less than 65 milliseconds.
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65λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆ 이내에 λ°˜μ‘ν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
More likely though, your startle reaction will be based on sight.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 눈으둜 λ¨Όμ € 보고 μ›€μ°”ν•˜λŠ” λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ‰¬μšΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
Our eyes can process an image as quickly as 13 milliseconds,
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우리 λˆˆμ€ μ˜μƒμ„ 13λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆλ§Œμ— μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
but computation of what you’re seeing and determining the danger it poses
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 보고 μžˆλŠ” 것이 무엇인지 μ•Œκ³  κ·Έ μœ„ν—˜μ„ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” λ°λŠ”
04:23
can take as long as 180 to 200 milliseconds.
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180~200λ°€λ¦¬μ΄ˆκ°€ 걸릴 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
In that time the arrow will have gained a head start of about 13 meters.
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κ·Έ μ‹œκ°„μ— 화살은 μ•½ 13m μ•žμ„œ λ‚ μ•„κ°ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
The target is far enough away
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과녁은 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 멀리 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
that you’ve got just enough of a chance to catch up,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ°„μ‹ νžˆ 기회λ₯Ό μž‘μ„ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
if you can quickly, and quite literally, think your way out.
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λ§Œμ•½ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 길을 κΈ€μž κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 생각할 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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