Should you switch to solar? - Shannon Odell

375,644 views ใƒป 2023-06-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the spring of 1954,
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 1954,
00:09
the press excitedly gathered around Bell Laboratoriesโ€™ latest inventionโ€”
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืืกืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ-
00:14
a silicon-based solar cell that could efficiently convert
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ืชื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
00:18
the sun's energy into electrical current.
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ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
00:22
The creation was celebrated as the dawn of a new era,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื—ื’ื’ื” ื›ืฉื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
00:26
as reporters touted that civilization would soon
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
00:29
run on the sunโ€™s limitless energy.
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ืชืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:32
But the dream had a catch, as this first commercially sold solar cell
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“, ื›ืฉืชื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™
00:37
cost around $300 per watt,
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ืขืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช $300 ืœื•ื•ืื˜,
00:40
meaning at its current rate,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
00:42
it would cost well over a million to buy a unit large enough
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ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
00:47
to power a single home.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
00:49
But today in many countries
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
00:51
solar is the cheapest form of energy to produce,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืงื”,
00:54
surpassing fossil fuel alternatives like coal and natural gas.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
00:59
Millions of homes are equipped with rooftop solar,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื’ ืกื•ืœืืจื™,
01:02
with most units paying for themselves in their first 7 to 12 years
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘-7 ืขื“ 12 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:06
and then generating further savings.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:09
So how did solar become so affordable?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืชืœืžืช?
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
01:14
A turning point in solarโ€™s price history occurred
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01:17
on the floor of Germanyโ€™s parliament, where in 2000,
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ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000,
01:21
Herman Scheer introduced the Renewable Energy Sources Act.
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ื”ืจืžืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:25
This legislation laid out a vision for the countryโ€™s energy future
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ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:29
in solar and wind.
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ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—.
01:31
It incentivized citizens to personally invest in rooftop solar panels
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’
01:36
by guaranteeing payment to homeowners for the renewable energy they generated
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื™ืงื•
01:40
and sold to the grid.
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ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืœืจืฉืช.
01:42
The pay rate for this electricity was highly subsidized,
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ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
01:45
at times reaching four times the market price.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
01:49
Several other countries soon followed Germanyโ€™s example,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
01:52
implementing similar policies and incentives
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ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
01:55
to drive their countryโ€™s solar use.
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ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:58
This created unprecedented demand for solar panels worldwide.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:03
Manufacturers were able to scale up production
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
02:05
and innovate in ways that cut costs.
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ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:07
As a result, solar panel prices dropped, while efficiency grew.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืื ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื”.
02:13
Today, a 46-square-meter rooftop solar unit is often efficient enough
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื’ื’ ืฉืœ 46 ืžโ€œืจ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:17
to fully power a home,
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•,
02:19
and this residential unit no longer costs millionsโ€”
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื-
02:23
in the US in 2022, the average consumer cost of a rooftop solar unit
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ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022, ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’
02:28
ranged from around $17,000 to $23,000.
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ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ $17,000 ืœ 23,000 $.
02:33
These prices dropped by over 60% between 2010 and 2020 alone.
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ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60% ื‘ื™ืŸ 2010 ืœ-2020 ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:40
So how much money can you save by switching to solar?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช?
02:45
US solar equipped homeowners can save around $1,500 per year
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1,500 $ ืœืฉื ื”
02:51
on their energy bills,
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ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:52
equating to a net savings of $10,000 to $30,000 during the unitโ€™s lifetime.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื• ืฉืœ $10,000 ืขื“ $30,000 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
02:59
Month-to-month savings tend to vary,
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ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
03:02
based on the amount of direct sunlight your panel receives,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคืื ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืงื‘ืœ,
03:05
weather conditions, and the price of electricity where you live.
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ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื.
03:09
But not everyone can get solar.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
03:11
Adopting solar can be difficult for renters, and in many countries,
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ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:15
more than 25% of adults donโ€™t own their own homes.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25% ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:19
Even if you do, your roof must meet certain orientation and tilt requirements
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ื’ื ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
03:23
to make solar a worthwhile investment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช.
03:27
And while units often pay for themselves through offset energy costs,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื™ื–ื•ื– ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:31
the initial purchase and installation price for solar can be expensive.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจ.
03:35
But several companies have adopted solar leasing models,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ื“ื’ืžื™ ืœื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืกื•ืœืืจื™,
03:38
where they finance the material costs,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:40
installation, and upkeep of the rooftop systems.
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ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื’.
03:45
Homeowners can then buy the panelโ€™s generated electricity
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ืคืื ืœ
03:48
at a fixed rate thatโ€™s generally lower than the local utilityโ€™s price.
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ื‘ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
03:53
Still, many are working towards community-based solutions,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
03:57
which would enable entire neighborhoods to profit from solar use.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ.
04:01
Europe is home to more than 7,000 community energy associations,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-7,000 ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช,
04:06
where local members collectively invest in wind turbines and solar panels
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื
04:10
to power their local grid.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:12
In 2005, the German town of Wolfhagen created an 800 member citizens co-op,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื•ืœืคื”ืื’ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 800 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:19
which communally invested $2.84 million
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ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช 2.84 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:23
to buy up 25% of the local energy company
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ 25% ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
04:26
and expand its renewables program.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœื”.
04:29
Today, its turbines and panels generate enough energy
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:32
to meet the townโ€™s needs and then some.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช.
04:35
Surplus energy is sold to neighboring towns,
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ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช,
04:38
and profits are reinvested back into the community.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
04:42
For many, the appeal of solar goes beyond just savings.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:47
Homes equipped with it are more climate resilient,
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ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื,
04:49
because they can be protected from utility grid outages and brownouts.
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ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืช.
04:53
Not to mention solarโ€™s key role in decarbonizing the energy grid.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:58
By working together with larger-scale wind and solar farms,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:02
rooftop solar units help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels,
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
05:06
paving the way for a cleaner and more reliable energy future.
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ืกื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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