The networked beauty of forests - Suzanne Simard

126,758 views ใƒป 2014-04-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
I was walking my mountain the other day,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
00:07
and I was feeling really at home with the forest.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
00:10
And I was so grateful to it
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืกื™ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ื•
00:12
for showing me that forests are built on relationships
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ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื
00:15
which form networks,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
00:17
like these beautiful river networks.
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ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:19
And I thought,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
00:20
"Wow, forests are just like human families."
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"ื•ื•ืื•, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช."
00:25
And I was so taken by the beauty of this idea
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ื•ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
00:27
that I fell and I crashed down on the ground,
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ืฉื ืคืœืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจืกืงืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
00:29
and I hit my head on this new stump.
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ื•ืคื’ืขืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
00:31
And I was so angry!
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ื–ืชื™!
00:34
Then, I was so heartbroken
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ืื–, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจืชื™
00:36
because there was a whole family of trees cut down.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื”.
00:39
Thing is, where I'm from in Western Canada,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื ื“ื”,
00:42
there's clearcuts like this hidden everywhere,
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:45
and it wasn't until Google Earth starting sending images,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
00:48
like this,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื•,
00:49
that we realized the whole world
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:51
was wiping its noses on our old-growth forests.
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ืงื™ื ื— ืืช ืืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:54
Did you know
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ื™ื“ืขืชื
00:56
that deforestation like this around the world
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ืฉื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:58
causes more greenhouse gas emissions
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
01:00
than all the trains, planes and automobiles combined?
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“?
01:04
Yeah, I'm really upset about this,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื ืช ืžื–ื”,
01:07
but I'm also really hopeful
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืœืืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”
01:08
because I've also discovered in my research
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
01:12
that forest networks are organized
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ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช
01:15
in the same way as our own neural networks
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:17
and our social networks.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:19
And I believe that if we can learn to integrate these into a whole
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืืœื” ืœืฉืœื
01:23
that we can change this dangerous pathway of global warming
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
01:27
because I believe we are wired for healing.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™.
01:30
So, here's the science:
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืข:
01:32
The most ancient of these networks
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ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืืœื”
01:35
is this below-ground fungal network, or mushroom network.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช, ืื• ืจืฉืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:39
And it evolved over a billion years ago
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
01:41
to allow organisms to migrate from the ocean onto the land.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืื“ืžื”.
01:45
And eventually, they got together with plants
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:47
in this symbiosis.
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ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:49
And this allowed plants to photosynthesize,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”,
01:53
pulling CO2, which is our biggest greenhouse gas,
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš CO2, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:56
out of the atmosphere and giving off oxygen,
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ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:59
which allows us to breathe
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ื
02:01
and actually allowed humans to eventually evolve.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:04
Now, we call this symbiosis a mycorrhiza,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืงื•ืจื”ื™ื–ื”,
02:08
myco for fungus, rrhiza for root.
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ืžื™ื™ืงื• ืœืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืจื”ื™ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ.
02:10
So, the fungus and root get together,
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ืื–, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:12
and they trade for mutual benefit.
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ื•ื”ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
02:15
Now, all trees in all forests all over the world
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:18
depend on these mycorrhizas for their very survival.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืจื”ื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:21
They can't live without them.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื.
02:24
And the way it works
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
02:25
is that a seed falls on the forest floor,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ืจืข ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
02:27
it germinates,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื˜,
02:28
it sends a root down into the soil,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:30
and it starts sending out chemical signals
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:32
to the fungi to grow towards the root.
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ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
02:36
And the fungus communicates back
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ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”
02:37
with its own signals,
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ืขื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:39
and it says to the root,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ,
02:41
'You need to grow towards me and branch and soften.'
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"ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฆืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื›ืš."
02:43
And so by this communication,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื•,
02:45
they grow together into this magical symbiosis.
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืงืกื•ืžื”.
02:49
And the way that symbiosis works
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
02:51
is the plant takes its hard-earned carbon from photosynthesis
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืžื— ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”
02:55
and brings it to the fungus
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื”
02:57
because the fungus can't photosynthesize.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
02:59
And the fungus takes nutrients and water it gathers from the soil,
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ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข,
03:02
where plant roots can't grow,
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ืœืฉื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:05
and they give it to the plant.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฆืžื—.
03:07
And so they're both benefiting in this cooperation.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:11
Now, as the fungus grows through the soil,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจืงืข,
03:13
it starts linking plant and plant
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
03:15
and tree and tree together
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื
03:16
until the whole forest is linked together.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“.
03:19
Did you know that a single tree
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืขืฅ ื™ื—ื™ื“
03:21
can be literally linked up to hundreds of other trees
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:25
as far as the eye can see?
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช?
03:28
And as you're walking through the forest,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขืจ,
03:31
what you see, the trees, the roots, the mushrooms,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:35
are just the tip of the iceberg.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
03:37
Under a single footstep,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆืขื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
03:39
there are 300 miles of fungal cells
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ื™ืฉ 540 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:43
stacked end on end moving stuff around.
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ืขืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื” ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:46
And if you could look down into the ground,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”,
03:48
it would be like this super highway
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขื ืง
03:49
with cars going everywhere.
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ื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:51
Now, all networks are made of nodes and links.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:55
In forests, those nodes would be trees
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื™ื
03:57
and the links fungi.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:58
It's kind of like in your Facebook network,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื,
04:00
where nodes would be friends
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ืฉื ืฆืžืชื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
04:03
and links would be your friendships.
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ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:05
Now, we all know that some of those nodes,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:07
or friends,
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ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:08
are busier than others,
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ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
04:09
like that friend who is always sending out group messages.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช.
04:12
Well, it's the same in forests,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
04:14
and these nodes in forests,
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ื•ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
04:16
we call them hubs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื,
04:17
they're the big trees in the forests
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ื”ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช
04:19
with roots going everywhere.
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ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:21
Now, we also have learned
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœืžื“ื ื•
04:23
that the systems organized around these hubs,
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ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:27
these big old trees,
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ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:28
so in forests, that's where the regeneration occurs.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
04:31
In your Facebook network,
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื,
04:33
that might be how parties are organized,
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ื›ื›ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช,
04:34
around that hub that's always sending out the group messages.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช.
04:37
We call those hubs in forests mother trees;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ ืื;
04:40
they're the big old trees in the forest.
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ื”ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
04:43
And they fix the carbon in their leaves,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:45
and they send it down through their massive trunks
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:47
and into the networks all around them
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื
04:50
that are linked up to all the other trees
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ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
04:52
and seedlings, the young ones,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:54
and they start sending that carbon everywhere.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:57
The more those seedlings are stressed out,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
04:59
maybe from drought or shade,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื• ืฆืœ,
05:01
the more the mother tree sends to them.
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ืขืฅ ื”ืื ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:03
It's kind of like in your families,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
05:06
where if you're kind of stressed out,
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ืฉื ืื ืืชื ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
05:07
mom and dad kick in and help you out a bit more, right?
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ืืžื ื•ืื‘ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:10
Well, it's the same in forests.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
05:12
The other thing that we've recently discovered
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
05:16
is that mother trees will preferentially send
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฆื™ ืื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืขื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
05:19
more signals to her own kids, her own children.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
05:23
And then, this way she helps them do better,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
05:25
and then they survive more,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:27
and then they can pass their genes on to future generations.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
05:30
So, how natural selection works.
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืฉื›ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
05:32
Now, the way these forests are organized
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื
05:35
makes them both resilient and vulnerable.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
05:38
They're resilient because there's many mother trees,
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ื”ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ ืื,
05:40
and there's many fungal species linking them together.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:44
And that network is really hard to break.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื”.
05:47
It's pretty darn tough.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื—.
05:49
But of course,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
05:50
we humans have figured out how to do that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:51
And what we do is we take out the mother trees.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆื™ ื”ืื.
05:54
And maybe taking one out won't make much difference
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฉื ื”
05:57
but when you take more and more and more
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:58
and clearcut and more and more and more
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:00
that it can cause the system to collapse and fall down,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืงืจื•ืก ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืœ,
06:04
like dominoes.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•.
06:06
And we can cross tipping points
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ
06:08
and cause more forest death and more global warming,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
06:11
and we're doing that.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:13
So what we do,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
06:14
our choices we make,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
06:16
can lead us towards global heatlh or global sickness.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
06:19
We do have choices.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
06:21
And I'm going to leave you with four ideas
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:23
that I think are worth spreading.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืคืฆื”.
06:25
First one:
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:
06:26
To love the forest
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ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
06:27
you have to go spend time in it.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•.
06:29
Go be in the forest, connect with it.
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ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื•.
06:31
And then you'll fight hard enough to protect them.
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ื•ืื– ืชืœื—ืžื• ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•.
06:33
Second:
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ืฉื ื™ืช:
06:34
Learn how they work.
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ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
06:35
Learn how those networks link things together
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ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“
06:37
in organized forests.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
06:39
And to do that,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
06:40
you gotta go out there take risks, make mistakes.
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:41
Third:
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
06:43
Protect forests.
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ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
06:44
They need you to do that
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”
06:46
because they can't do it themselves.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
06:47
They're stuck in one spot.
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ื”ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
06:49
They can't run away from humans,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
06:50
and they can't run away from global warming.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
06:52
They need you.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืชื›ื.
06:54
And finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
06:55
and most importantly,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:57
use your own very clever, brilliant,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
07:00
neural and social networks to create amazing messages,
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ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
07:04
and spread the word that forests are worth saving
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
07:07
because you're worth saving,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื”,
07:09
and I believe that together
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื—ื“
07:10
we're all wired for healing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจืื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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