Why is Aristophanes called "The Father of Comedy"? - Mark Robinson

828,610 views ใƒป 2018-08-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
At the annual Athenian drama festival in 426 BC,
0
6903
4695
ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 426 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:11
a comic play called The Babylonians,
1
11598
2731
ืžื—ื–ื” ืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ",
00:14
written by a young poet named Aristophanes,
2
14329
3063
ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก,
00:17
was awarded first prize.
3
17392
2196
ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
00:19
But the playโ€™s depiction of Athensโ€™ conduct during the Peloponnesian War
4
19588
4401
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ื–ื™ืช
00:23
was so controversial that afterwards,
5
23989
2380
ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืงืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืชื‘ืข ืืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ืœื“ื™ืŸ
00:26
a politician named Kleon took Aristophanes to court
6
26369
4185
00:30
for "slandering the people of Athens in the presence of foreigners."
7
30554
4590
ืขืœ "ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื".
00:35
Aristophanes struck back two years later with a play called The Knights.
8
35144
5557
ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื".
00:40
In it, he openly mocked Kleon,
9
40701
2592
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขื’ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืงืœื™ืื•ืŸ,
00:43
ending with Kleonโ€™s character working as a lowly sausage seller
10
43293
4325
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืงืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜
00:47
outside the city gates.
11
47618
1916
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
00:49
This style of satire was a consequence
12
49534
2269
ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืœื“ื”
00:51
of the unrestricted democracy of 5th century Athens
13
51803
3767
ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืชืคืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-5
00:55
and is now called "Old Comedy."
14
55570
2841
ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื "ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”".
00:58
Aristophanesโ€™ plays, the worldโ€™s earliest surviving comic dramas,
15
58411
4495
ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก, ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉืจื“ื”,
01:02
are stuffed full of parodies, songs, sexual jokes, and surreal fantasy.
16
62906
6188
ืžืœืื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืจื•ืขื™ื,
01:09
They often use wild situations,
17
69094
1875
01:10
like a hero flying to heaven on a dung beetle,
18
70969
3215
ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื‘ืœ
01:14
or a net cast over a house to keep the ownerโ€™s father trapped inside,
19
74184
5332
ืื• ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื
01:19
in order to subvert audience expectations.
20
79516
3170
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
01:22
And theyโ€™ve shaped how comedyโ€™s been written and performed ever since.
21
82686
4512
ื•ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:27
The word "comedy" comes from the Ancient Greek "komos," โ€“ revel,
22
87198
5511
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”" ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ืงื•ืžื•ืก", ืœืฉืžื•ื—,
01:32
and "oide," โ€“ singing,
23
92709
2588
ื•"ืื•ื™ื“", ืœืฉื™ืจ.
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืชื”, ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
01:35
and it differed from its companion art form, "tragedy" in many ways.
24
95297
4796
01:40
Where ancient Athenian tragedies dealt with the downfall of the high and mighty,
25
100093
4944
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื” ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ืคื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืจื”,
01:45
their comedies usually ended happily.
26
105037
2554
ืœืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื—.
01:47
And where tragedy almost always borrowed stories from legend,
27
107591
3824
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช,
01:51
comedy addressed current events.
28
111415
2583
ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
01:53
Aristophanesโ€™ comedies celebrated ordinary people and attacked the powerful.
29
113998
5034
ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
01:59
His targets were arrogant politicians,
30
119032
2376
ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื ื™ื,
02:01
war-mongering generals,
31
121408
1714
ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื—ืจื—ืจื™-ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช
02:03
and self-important intellectuals,
32
123122
2485
ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช -
02:05
exactly the people who sat in the front row of the theatre,
33
125607
3176
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:08
where everyone could see their reactions.
34
128783
2820
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:11
As a result, they were referred to as komoidoumenoi:
35
131603
4562
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ื ื• "ืงื•ืžื•ื™ื“ื•ืžื ื•ื™" -
02:16
"those made fun of in comedy."
36
136165
2713
"ืืœื• ืฉื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืœื•ืขื’ืช ืœื”ื."
02:18
Aristophanesโ€™ vicious and often obscene mockery
37
138878
3362
ืœืขื’ื• ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืข ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ืก ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก
02:22
held these leaders to account, testing their commitment to the city.
38
142240
4535
ืชื‘ืข ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืœืขื™ืจ.
02:26
One issue, in particular, inspired much of Aristophanesโ€™ work:
39
146775
4846
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก:
02:31
the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
40
151621
3480
ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ื–ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชื•ื ื” ืœืกืคืจื˜ื”.
02:35
In Peace, written in 421 BC,
41
155101
3591
ื‘"ืฉืœื•ื", ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-421 ืœืคื ื”"ืก,
02:38
a middle-aged Athenian frees the embodiment of peace from a cave,
42
158692
4618
ืืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืžืžืขืจื”,
02:43
where sheโ€™d been exiled by profiteering politicians.
43
163310
3666
ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืชืื‘ื™-ื‘ืฆืข.
02:46
Then, in the aftermath of a crushing naval defeat for Athens in 411 BC,
44
166976
6107
ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืœื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘-411 ืœืคื ื”"ืก
02:53
Aristophanes wrote "Lysistrata."
45
173083
2370
ื›ืชื‘ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ืืช "ืœื™ื–ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื”".
02:55
In this play, the women of Athens grow sick of war
46
175453
3658
ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื–ื”, ื ืฉื•ืช ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
02:59
and go on a sex strike until their husbands make peace.
47
179111
4300
ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช-ืžื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืจืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืช-ืฉืœื•ื.
03:03
Other plays use similarly fantastic scenarios to skewer topical situations,
48
183411
5247
ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
03:08
such as in "Clouds,"
49
188658
2035
ื›ืžื• "ืขื ื ื™ื",
03:10
where Aristophanes mocked fashionable philosophical thinking.
50
190693
3606
ืฉื‘ื• ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ืœืขื’ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ืชื™ืช.
03:14
The hero Strepsiades enrolls in Socratesโ€™s new philosophical school,
51
194299
5214
ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกื˜ืจืคืกื™ืื“ืก, ื ืจืฉื ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก,
03:19
where he learns how to prove that wrong is right
52
199513
2680
ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
03:22
and that a debt is not a debt.
53
202193
2545
ื•ืฉื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘.
03:24
No matter how outlandish these plays get, the heroes always prevail in the end.
54
204738
6018
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืฆื—.
03:30
Aristophanes also became the master of the parabasis,
55
210756
4393
ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ื’ื ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘"ืคืืจืื‘ืกื™ืก",
03:35
a comic technique where actors address the audience directly,
56
215149
3473
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืคื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
03:38
often praising the playwright or making topical comments and jokes.
57
218622
5019
ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช.
03:43
For example, in "Birds,"
58
223641
2096
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘"ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื",
03:45
the Chorus takes the role of different birds
59
225737
2363
ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžื’ืœืžืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:48
and threatens the Athenian judges that if their play doesnโ€™t win first prize,
60
228100
4004
ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืื ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
03:52
theyโ€™ll defecate on them as they walk around the city.
61
232104
3762
ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืจื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
03:55
Perhaps the judges didnโ€™t appreciate the joke,
62
235866
2687
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”,
03:58
as the play came in second.
63
238553
1721
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:00
By exploring new ideas
64
240274
2396
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
04:02
and encouraging self-criticism in Athenian society,
65
242670
3245
ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ืช,
04:05
Aristophanes not only mocked his fellow citizens,
66
245915
2713
ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื ืก ืœื ืจืง ืœืขื’ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื,
04:08
but he shaped the nature of comedy itself.
67
248628
3165
ืืœื ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืฆื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”.
04:11
Hailed by some scholars as the father of comedy,
68
251793
3494
ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื›"ืื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”"
04:15
his fingerprints are visible upon comic techniques everywhere,
69
255287
3651
ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
04:18
from slapstick
70
258938
1042
ืžืกืœืคืกื˜ื™ืง
04:19
to double acts
71
259980
968
ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืฆืžื“
04:20
to impersonations
72
260948
1387
ืžื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื
04:22
to political satire.
73
262335
1628
ื•ืขื“ ืกื˜ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:23
Through the praise of free speech and the celebration of ordinary heroes,
74
263963
3924
ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื
04:27
his plays made his audience think while they laughed.
75
267887
3521
ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ื—ืง,
04:31
And his retort to Kleon in 425 BC still resonates today:
76
271408
5863
ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื” ืœืงืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘-425 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื:
04:37
โ€œIโ€™m a comedian, so Iโ€™ll speak about justice,
77
277271
2925
"ืื ื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง,
04:40
no matter how hard it sounds to your ears.โ€
78
280196
2971
"ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ืื‘ ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ืš."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7