A day in the life of an ancient Athenian - Robert Garland

4,266,996 views ใƒป 2018-03-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:08
Itโ€™s 427 BCE and the worst internal conflict ever to occur
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ื–ื” 427 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
00:12
in the ancient Greek world is in its fourth year.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
00:16
The Peloponnesian War is being fought
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคืœื•ืคื ื–ื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”
00:18
between the city-states of Athens and Sparta, as well as their allies.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืชื•ื ื” ื•ืกืคืจื˜ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื”.
00:24
The Athenians canโ€™t match the formidable Spartan army on land.
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ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:28
So theyโ€™ve abandoned the countryside
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ืื– ื”ื ื ื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื
00:30
and moved inside the walls surrounding their city and port,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื ืžืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:34
now provisioned by a superior fleet and extensive maritime empire.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื”.
00:40
The cramped conditions have taken a toll
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื
00:42
and a recent plague wiped out a third of the population.
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ื•ืžื’ืคื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื—ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
00:46
But city life goes on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื.
00:48
Archias and Dexileia live in the center of Athens.
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ืืจื›ื™ืืก ื•ื“ืงืกื™ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืชื•ื ื”.
00:53
As a painter of high-class pottery,
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ื›ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
00:54
Archias is relatively well-off and takes great interest in the cityโ€™s affairs.
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ืืจื›ื™ืืก ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:00
Dexileia, on the other hand, can't participate in politics or own property.
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ื“ืงืกื™ืœื™ื”, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื›ืกื™ื.
01:07
The couple are grateful to the gods that three of their four children,
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืืœื™ื ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
01:10
a son and two daughters,
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ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช,
01:12
have survived past infancy.
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ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
01:15
Many parents see daughters as a liability
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื˜ืœ
01:18
since they require dowries to find husbands.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืœ.
01:21
But Archias is confident that his wealth
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื›ื™ืืก ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืขื•ืฉืจื•
01:24
will allow him to make good matches for them without going bankrupt.
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ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ.
01:28
Like many Athenians, the family owns slaves.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื•ื ืื™ื, ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:31
Originally from Thrace, they were captured in war.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืชืจืกื”, ื”ื ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:35
Thratta does most of the housework and helps raise the children.
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ืช'ืจืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:39
Philon is a paidagรดgos,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื™ื“ื’ื•ื’ื•ืก,
01:41
who supervises the sonโ€™s education, teaching him reading and writing.
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ืฉืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘.
01:45
Archias is up early because thereโ€™s a meeting of the Ekklรชsia,
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ืืจื›ื™ืืก ืงื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืืงืœืกื™ื”,
01:49
the assembly of citizens,
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ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
01:51
taking place at dawn.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขื ืฉื—ืจ.
01:53
Before setting out, he burns incense
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช
01:55
and pours a libation at the small shrine in the courtyard
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ื•ืฉื•ืคืš ืœื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ
01:59
on behalf of his entire household.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•.
02:02
Dexileia will remain at home all day, teaching her daughters domestic skills.
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ื“ืงืกื™ืœื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
02:06
Later, sheโ€™ll retire to the inner courtyard for some fresh air.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฆื—.
02:11
When Archias arrives at the agora,
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ื›ืฉืืจื›ื™ืืก ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื’ื•ืจื”,
02:13
the civic and commercial heart of the city,
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ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:16
he finds the square swarming with his fellow citizens,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืจื•ื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:19
native-born adult males who have completed military training.
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™.
02:24
Attached to the central monument is a noticeboard with the meetingโ€™s agenda.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ืื’'ื ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
02:27
Today, thereโ€™s only one item of discussion:
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืคืจื™ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ:
02:30
what to do with the people of Mytilene,
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ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื™ืœื ื”,
02:33
a city on the island of Lesbos
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ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืก
02:35
where a revolt against Athenian rule has just been put down.
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ื‘ื” ืžืจื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ ื“ื•ื›ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
02:39
The meeting takes place on a hill west of the acropolis known as the Pnyx.
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืืงืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืคื ื™ืงืก.
02:44
The word means โ€œtightly packed,"
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื "ื“ื—ื•ืกื”,"
02:46
and the crowd of 5,000 citizens makes it clear why.
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ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ 5000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข.
02:51
The heralds purify the hill by sprinkling its boundary with pigโ€™s blood
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ื”ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”
02:55
and call for order.
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ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ.
02:57
As everyone sits on benches facing the platform,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืžื”,
03:00
the presiding officer opens the meeting with the words:
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ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื:
03:03
โ€œTis agoreuein bouleutai?โ€
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"ืชื™ื– ืื’ื•ืจืื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœืื•ืชืจื™?"
03:05
โ€œWho wishes to address the assembly?โ€
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"ืžื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืืกืคื”?"
03:08
One by one, citizens speak, some advising mercy, others bent on vengeance.
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื—ืžืœื”, ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืงืžื”.
03:15
A motion is proposed to execute all the Mytileneans
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ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื•ืขืœื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืชืœื ื™ืื ื™ื
03:18
and enslave their women and children
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ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:20
because they betrayed their Athenian allies during a time of war.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:24
A majority raises their right hands in favor.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื“.
03:29
Once the meetingโ€™s over, Archias heads back to the agora to buy food and wine.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ืืจื›ื™ืืก ืคื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื’ื•ืจื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:34
Hundreds have gathered there to discuss the results,
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ืžืื•ืช ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
03:37
many unhappy with the decision.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
03:39
When Archias returns home, he tells Dexileia about the debate.
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ื›ืฉืืจื›ื™ืืก ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื“ื™ืงืกื™ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:43
She thinks that killing the innocent as well as the guilty
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืฉืžื™ื
03:46
is harsh and counterproductive,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ,
03:48
and tells him as much.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื• ื›ืš.
03:50
Around dusk, Archias goes to a friendโ€™s house for a symposium.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ืืก ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื•ื.
03:54
The nine men drink wine and discuss the meeting well into the night.
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ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
03:58
Archias shares his wifeโ€™s opinion urging mercy, and his friends eventually agree.
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ืืจื›ื™ืืก ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ื“ืขืช ืื™ืฉืชื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœื—ืžืœื”, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:05
Before dawn, something unprecedented happens.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
04:08
Heralds circulate throughout Athens
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ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืชื•ื ื”
04:10
announcing the council has called another meeting.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืงืจืื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
04:14
The second debate is equally heated,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื—ืžื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”,
04:16
but a new resolution, to execute only the leaders of the revolt,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืจืง ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืจื“,
04:19
narrowly passes.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช.
04:22
Yet thereโ€™s a problem โ€“
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” --
04:23
a ship with orders to carry out the first resolution
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ืกืคื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
04:26
was dispatched the previous day.
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ื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
04:28
And so another ship quickly sets sail to countermand the order โ€“
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ื•ื›ืš ืกืคื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” --
04:33
a race of democracy against time.
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ืžืจื•ืฅ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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