Could a breathalyzer detect cancer? - Julian Burschka

174,245 views ใƒป 2020-01-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
How is it that a breathalyzer can measure the alcohol content in someoneโ€™s blood,
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ืื™ืš ืžื“ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
00:11
hours after they had their last drink, based on their breath alone?
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ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
00:16
Exhaled breath contains trace amounts of hundreds, even thousands,
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ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™ื,
00:20
of volatile organic compounds:
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ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืคื™ื:
00:23
small molecules lightweight enough to travel easily as gases.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื–ื™ื.
00:27
One of these is ethanol, which we consume in alcoholic drinks.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืืชื ื•ืœ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
00:32
It travels through the bloodstream to tiny air sacs in the lungs,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืœืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
00:36
passing into exhaled air at a concentration 2,000 times lower,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 2,000,
00:41
on average, than in the blood.
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื.
00:43
When someone breathes into a breathalyzer,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื“ ื ืฉื™ืคื”,
00:45
the ethanol in their breath passes into a reaction chamber.
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ื”ืืชื ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
00:49
There, itโ€™s converted to another molecule, called acetic acid,
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ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžืจ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืฆื˜ื™ืช,
00:53
in a special type of reactor that produces an electric current during the reaction.
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
00:58
The strength of the current indicates the amount of ethanol
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื•ืœ
01:02
in the sample of air, and by extension in the blood.
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื.
01:05
In addition to the volatile organic compounds like ethanol
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืชื ื•ืœ
01:08
we consume in food and drink,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ื”,
01:11
the biochemical processes of our cells produce many others.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:14
And when something disrupts those processes, like a disease,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
01:18
the collection of volatile organic compounds in the breath
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ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”
01:21
may change, too.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
01:23
So could we detect disease by analyzing a personโ€™s breath,
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ืื– ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:27
without using more invasive diagnostic tools
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช
01:30
like biopsies, blood draws, and radiation?
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”?
01:34
In theory, yes,
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” - ื›ืŸ,
01:35
but testing for disease is a lot more complicated than testing for alcohol.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
01:40
To identify diseases,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
01:42
researchers need to look at a set of tens of compounds in the breath.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:46
A given disease may cause some of these compounds
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ืžื—ืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:49
to increase or decrease in concentration, while others may not changeโ€”
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื• --
01:54
the profile is likely to be different for every disease,
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”,
01:57
and could even vary for different stages of the same disease.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”.
02:01
For example, cancers are among the most researched candidates
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืงืจื™ื
02:05
for diagnosis through breath analysis.
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ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
02:07
One of the biochemical changes many tumors cause
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
02:10
is a large increase in an energy-generating process
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:14
called glycolysis.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืœื™ื•ืงื•ืœื™ืกื™ืก.
02:16
Known as the Warburg Effect,
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืคืงื˜ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’,
02:18
this increase in glycolysis results in an increase of metabolites like lactate
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืœื™ืกื™ืก ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ืœื‘
02:24
which in turn can affect a whole cascade of metabolic processes
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืคืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื
02:28
and ultimately result in altered breath composition,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:31
possibly including an increased concentration of volatile compounds
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืคื•ืช
02:36
such as dimethyl sulfide.
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกื•ืœืคื˜.
02:38
But the Warburg Effect is just one potential indicator of cancerous activity,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกืžืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื ื™ืช,
02:43
and doesnโ€™t reveal anything about the particular type of cancer.
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ื•ืœื ืžื’ืœื” ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
02:47
Many more indicators are needed to make a diagnosis.
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ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืžื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื ื”.
02:51
To find these subtle differences,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:52
researchers compare the breath of healthy people
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
02:55
with the breath of people who suffer from a particular disease
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ืขื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
02:59
using profiles based on hundreds of breath samples.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:02
This complex analysis requires a fundamentally different,
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ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื,
03:06
more versatile type of sensor from the alcohol breathalyzer.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
03:10
There are a few being developed.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
03:12
Some discriminate between individual compounds
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
03:15
by observing how the compounds move through a set of electric fields.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
03:19
Others use an array of resistors made of different materials
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:22
that each change their resistance when exposed to a certain mix
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:26
of volatile organic compounds.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืคื™ื.
03:29
There are other challenges too.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขื•ื“ ืืชื’ืจื™ื.
03:30
These substances are present at incredibly low concentrationsโ€”
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื --
03:34
typically just parts per billion,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
03:37
much lower than ethanol concentrations in the breath.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ืืชื ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:40
Compoundsโ€™ levels may be affected by factors other than disease,
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ืจืžื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช,
03:44
including age, gender, nutrition, and lifestyle.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœ, ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:48
Finally, thereโ€™s the issue
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื
03:50
of distinguishing which compounds in the sample
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ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ืœื• ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช
03:52
were produced in the patientโ€™s body
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
03:54
and which were inhaled from the environment
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ืฉืืคื• ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:57
shortly before the test.
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ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
03:59
Because of these challenges, breath analysis isnโ€™t quite ready yet.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ.
04:03
But preliminary clinical trials on lung, colon,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:06
and other cancers have had encouraging results.
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ืžืขื™, ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
04:10
One day, catching cancer early might be as easy as breathing in and out.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืคื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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