Could a breathalyzer detect cancer? - Julian Burschka

176,798 views ใƒป 2020-01-06

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jin-Ah Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Eunice Yunjung Nam
00:06
How is it that a breathalyzer can measure the alcohol content in someoneโ€™s blood,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ์ฃผ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹  ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
00:11
hours after they had their last drink, based on their breath alone?
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ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์•Œ์ฝœ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:16
Exhaled breath contains trace amounts of hundreds, even thousands,
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๋‚ด๋ฑ‰์€ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜
00:20
of volatile organic compounds:
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ํ”์ ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
small molecules lightweight enough to travel easily as gases.
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๊ฐ€์Šค๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„์žํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:27
One of these is ethanol, which we consume in alcoholic drinks.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ด์ฃ .
00:32
It travels through the bloodstream to tiny air sacs in the lungs,
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์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ ์† ์ž‘์€ ํํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
00:36
passing into exhaled air at a concentration 2,000 times lower,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2000๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ
00:41
on average, than in the blood.
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๋‚ด๋ฑ‰๋Š” ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
When someone breathes into a breathalyzer,
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์Œ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ฃผ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ๋ฉด,
00:45
the ethanol in their breath passes into a reaction chamber.
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์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
There, itโ€™s converted to another molecule, called acetic acid,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์€ ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋ฉฐ
00:53
in a special type of reactor that produces an electric current during the reaction.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
The strength of the current indicates the amount of ethanol
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๊ทธ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ,
01:02
in the sample of air, and by extension in the blood.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
In addition to the volatile organic compounds like ethanol
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด, ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:08
we consume in food and drink,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
01:11
the biochemical processes of our cells produce many others.
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
And when something disrupts those processes, like a disease,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
01:18
the collection of volatile organic compounds in the breath
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์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด
01:21
may change, too.
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
So could we detect disease by analyzing a personโ€™s breath,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
01:27
without using more invasive diagnostic tools
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์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ณผ์ • ์—†์ด ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
01:30
like biopsies, blood draws, and radiation?
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:34
In theory, yes,
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
but testing for disease is a lot more complicated than testing for alcohol.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•Œ์ฝœ ๋†๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
To identify diseases,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
01:42
researchers need to look at a set of tens of compounds in the breath.
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์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ ๋ฌถ์Œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
A given disease may cause some of these compounds
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
01:49
to increase or decrease in concentration, while others may not changeโ€”
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์ง„ํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌฝ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
the profile is likely to be different for every disease,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:57
and could even vary for different stages of the same disease.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:01
For example, cancers are among the most researched candidates
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘ ์•”์€
02:05
for diagnosis through breath analysis.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
One of the biochemical changes many tumors cause
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๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์–‘์ด ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:10
is a large increase in an energy-generating process
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๋‹น๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ด
02:14
called glycolysis.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ด‰์ง„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
Known as the Warburg Effect,
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๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
02:18
this increase in glycolysis results in an increase of metabolites like lactate
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์‹ ์ง„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ ์ –์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:24
which in turn can affect a whole cascade of metabolic processes
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ์‹ ์ง„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
and ultimately result in altered breath composition,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์„คํŒŒ์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€
02:31
possibly including an increased concentration of volatile compounds
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์ง„ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด
02:36
such as dimethyl sulfide.
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๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
But the Warburg Effect is just one potential indicator of cancerous activity,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•” ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ž ์žฌ์  ํ‘œ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ,
02:43
and doesnโ€™t reveal anything about the particular type of cancer.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Many more indicators are needed to make a diagnosis.
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์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
To find these subtle differences,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:52
researchers compare the breath of healthy people
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐœ์š”ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ,
02:55
with the breath of people who suffer from a particular disease
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ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
using profiles based on hundreds of breath samples.
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03:02
This complex analysis requires a fundamentally different,
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์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ์Œ์ฃผ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
03:06
more versatile type of sensor from the alcohol breathalyzer.
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์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
There are a few being developed.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Some discriminate between individual compounds
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์–ด๋–ค ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ
03:15
by observing how the compounds move through a set of electric fields.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Others use an array of resistors made of different materials
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ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
03:22
that each change their resistance when exposed to a certain mix
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
03:26
of volatile organic compounds.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
There are other challenges too.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
These substances are present at incredibly low concentrationsโ€”
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ทนํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
typically just parts per billion,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‹ญ์–ต ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ,
03:37
much lower than ethanol concentrations in the breath.
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์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Compoundsโ€™ levels may be affected by factors other than disease,
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๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์˜์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ
03:44
including age, gender, nutrition, and lifestyle.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Finally, thereโ€™s the issue
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ค‘
03:50
of distinguishing which compounds in the sample
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
03:52
were produced in the patientโ€™s body
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ง์ „ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:54
and which were inhaled from the environment
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ
03:57
shortly before the test.
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์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Because of these challenges, breath analysis isnโ€™t quite ready yet.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
But preliminary clinical trials on lung, colon,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ์•”, ๊ฒฐ์žฅ์•” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „
04:06
and other cancers have had encouraging results.
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์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ด„๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
One day, catching cancer early might be as easy as breathing in and out.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์•”์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆจ ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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