Can wildlife adapt to climate change? - Erin Eastwood

914,845 views ใƒป 2016-03-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Rising temperatures and seas,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื ื™ ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื,
00:08
massive droughts,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
00:10
changing landscapes.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื”.
00:12
Successfully adapting to climate change is growing increasingly important.
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:16
For humans, this means using our technological advancement
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
00:20
to find solutions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:22
like smarter cities and better water management.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:25
But for some plants and animals,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:27
adapting to these global changes involves the most ancient solution of all:
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืง ืžื›ื•ืœื:
00:32
evolution.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:33
Evolutionary adaptation usually occurs along time scales of thousands
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ื
00:38
to hundreds of thousands of years.
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ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:41
But in cases where species are under especially strong selective conditions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื™ื,
00:46
like those caused by rapidly changing climates,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื,
00:48
adaptive evolution can happen more quickly.
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:52
In recent decades,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:53
we've seen many plants,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
00:54
animals,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:55
and insects relocating themselves
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ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
00:57
and undergoing changes to their body sizes,
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:00
and the dates they flower or breed.
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ื•ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
01:03
But many of these are plastic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:05
or nonheritable changes to an individual's physical traits.
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ืื• ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜.
01:09
And there are limits to how much an organism can change its own physiology
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•
01:13
to meet environmental requirements.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:15
That's why scientists are seeking examples of evolutionary changes
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
01:20
coded in species' DNA that are heritable,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœ DNA ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื,
01:23
long-lasting,
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
01:24
and may provide a key to their future.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืคืงื• ืžืคืชื— ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:27
Take the tawny owl.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื”.
01:29
If you were walking through a wintry forest in northern Europe 30 years ago,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื™ืขืจ ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”,
01:33
chances are you'd have heard, rather than seen,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื,
01:36
this elusive bird.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืงื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:38
Against the snowy backdrop,
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื’,
01:39
its plumage would have been near impossible to spot.
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ื”ืคืœื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื”.
01:43
Today, the landscape is vastly different.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
01:46
Since the 1980s,
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80,
01:47
climate change has led to significantly less snowfall,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื’,
01:51
but you'd still struggle to spot a tawny owl
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื”
01:54
because nowadays, they're brown.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช.
01:57
The brown color variant is the genetically dominant form of plumage in this species,
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ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืคืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:02
but historically,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:03
the recessive pale gray variant triumphed
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ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืฆืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื”
02:06
because of its selective advantage in helping these predators blend in.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’.
02:11
However, less snow cover reduces opportunities for camouflage,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื’ ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืื”,
02:15
so lately, this gray color variant
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ืื– ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืคื•ืจ
02:17
has been losing the battle against natural selection.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
02:20
The offspring of the brown color morphs, on the other hand,
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ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:23
have an advantage in exposed forests,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื,
02:25
so brown tawny owls are flourishing today.
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ืื– ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:29
Several other species have undergone
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•
02:31
similar climate-change-adaptive genetic changes in recent decades.
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ื”ืชืืžืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:36
Pitcher plant mosquitoes have rapidly evolved
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:38
to take advantage of the warmer temperatures,
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ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:41
entering dormancy later and later in the year.
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ื•ื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:44
Two spot ladybug populations,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:47
once comprised of equal numbers of melanic and non-melanic morphs,
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืœื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืœื ื™ื•ืช,
02:51
have now shifted almost entirely to the non-melanic color combination.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืœื ืžืœืื ื™.
02:56
Scientists think that keeps them from overheating.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœื”ืชื—ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
02:59
Meanwhile, pink salmon have adapted to warmer waters
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:03
by spawning earlier in the season to protect their sensitive eggs.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจืฆื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:07
And wild thyme plants in Europe are producing more repellent oils
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ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ ืชื™ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื ื™ ื“ื—ื™ื”
03:11
to protect themselves against the herbivores
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื
03:14
that become more common when it's warm.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:17
These plants and animals belong to a group of about 20 identified species
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื
03:21
with evolutionary adaptations to rapid climate change,
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ืขื ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
03:25
including snapping turtles,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื›ื™ื,
03:27
wood frogs,
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ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ ืขืฆื™ื,
03:28
knotweed,
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ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
03:29
and silver spotted skipper butterflies.
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ื•ืคืจืคืจื™ ืกืงื™ืคืจ.
03:32
However, scientists hope to discover more species evolving
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื
03:36
in response to climate change out of 8.7 million species on the planet.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 8.7 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:41
For most of our planet's astounding and precious biodiversity,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:44
evolution won't be the answer.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:47
Instead, many of those species will have to rely on us
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื ื•
03:51
to help them survive a changing world
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”
03:53
or face extinction.
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ืื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
03:56
The good news is we already have the tools.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื.
03:58
Across the planet, we're making on-the-ground decisions
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
04:01
that will help entire ecosystems adapt.
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช.
04:04
Critical climate refuges are being identified and set aside,
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ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื,
04:08
and projects are underway to help mobile species
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ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
04:11
move to more suitable climates.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:13
Existing parks and protected areas are also doing climate change check-ups
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ืคืืจืงื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
04:18
to help their wildlife cope.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
04:20
Fortunately, it's still within our power
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื•
04:23
to preserve much of the wondrous biodiversity of this planet,
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ืœืฉืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:26
which, after all, sustains us in so many ways.
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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