The return of Mongolia's "wild" horses - Nigel Rothfels

217,033 views ใƒป 2023-04-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
For thousands of years, native Takhi horses roamed the steppes of Central Asia.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
00:12
But by the late 1960s, theyโ€™d become extinct in the wildโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข -
00:16
the last herds struggling in meager habitats
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ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืœื™ื
00:19
against hunters and competition from local livestock.
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ื ื’ื“ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
00:22
Some small groups of Takhi survived in European zoos,
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ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:26
but their extinction still seemed inevitable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
00:29
To prevent this terrible fate,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื”,
00:31
a coalition of scientists and zoos pulled together
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ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•
00:34
to start an international Takhi breeding program.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืืงื”ื™.
00:38
By the 1990s, these collaborators in Europe and the US
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘
00:42
began releasing new generations of Asiaโ€™s ancient wild horse
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืก ื”ืคืจื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”
00:46
back into their native habitat.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:48
This Takhi revival was a world-famous conservation victory,
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ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:52
but the full story is much more complicated than it first appears.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
00:56
And its twists and turns raise serious questions about the role of zoos
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:00
and what conservation even means.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ?
01:03
To get the whole story, we need to start in the late 1800s
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1800
01:06
when Russian explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky was gifted
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืคืจื–โ€™ื‘ืœืกืงื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ
01:10
the remains of one of these wild horses.
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ืืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืจื ื”ืœืœื•.
01:13
Though the Takhi had long been known to local Mongolians,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
01:16
European scientists were intrigued by the remains,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืกืชืงืจื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื,
01:19
which looked more like those of a donkey or zebra than any known domestic horse.
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ืฉื ืจืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื• ื–ื‘ืจื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ืก ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข.
01:25
They concluded the species was a sort of missing link
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืกืจื”
01:28
between wild asses and modern horses.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:31
And as reports of the newly dubbed Przhevalskyโ€™s horse
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ื•ื›ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืจื–โ€™ื‘ืœืกืงื™
01:35
circulated through Europe and America,
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ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:37
zoo proprietors became eager to acquire the previously unknown species.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
01:42
At this time, zoos were focused primarily on drawing visitors with exotic animals,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื’ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:48
and their exhibitions were more concerned with entertainment than animal welfare.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:52
But in the early 1900s, the near extinction of the American bison
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
01:56
and the total extinction of other species like the passenger pigeon
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ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
02:00
inspired zoos to rebrand as centers for conservation.
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ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืชื’ ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
02:05
And as it became clear that Przhevalskyโ€™s horse might be headed for a similar fate,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืกื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืจื–โ€™ื‘ืœืกืงื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:09
zoos began breeding programs to sustain the captive population.
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ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.
02:14
However, the individuals behind these programs came to an interesting conclusion
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
02:20
about how the horses should be bred.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื.
02:23
Like their colleagues, they believed the species represented a missing link
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ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื—ืกืจื”
02:27
between modern domestic horses and their more primitive ancestors.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:31
They also knew that some of the horses in their collections werenโ€™t purebred Takhi,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื,
02:36
and many didnโ€™t even resemble the speciesโ€™ standard description.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
ืื– ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
02:40
So breeders felt it was up to them to determine what a wild Takhi
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ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ืคืจืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช,
02:44
should look like,
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02:45
and breed them accordingly.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืื.
02:47
Basing their work on just a few specimens and broad beliefs
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ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
02:51
about what a primitive horse might look like,
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืกื•ืก ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช,
02:53
they created a rigorous model for the ideal Takhi.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืœื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™.
02:57
And over the 20th century,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
02:59
breeders in western zoos and private collections
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
03:02
created a population of thousands of horses
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื
03:05
all carefully bred to share the same physical characteristics.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
03:11
Of course, in their native habitat,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
03:13
wild Takhi had regularly interbred with domesticated horses for millennia,
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ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ืคืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:18
producing a population with much more diverse appearances.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขื ืžืจืื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:22
So when it was time to introduce the Takhi to their ancestral home,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•,
03:26
they were quite different from the horses
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ืกื™ื
03:28
whoโ€™d been taken from those steppes a century earlier.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
03:31
Complicating things even further,
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ืœืกื‘ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:33
while these new Takhi herds were no longer in zoos,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื“ืจื™ ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
to this day, almost all remain closely monitored
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“
03:40
and controlled for their own protection.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื.
03:43
So in a strange way, itโ€™s hard to say if these animals are actually in the wild
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
03:48
or even if theyโ€™re truly Takhi.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ืืงื”ื™.
03:51
The story of the Takhi horse is not unique.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ื˜ืืงื”ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
03:54
In many of our conservation victories,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:56
itโ€™s difficult to say exactly what was saved,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืœ,
03:59
and the role that zoos play in conservation can be very complicated.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
04:03
It's clear that zoos have been and can continue to be significant forces
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
04:07
for animal preservation,
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:09
especially efforts to save charismatic animals from extinction.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
04:13
But today, the most direct cause of animal extinctions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
04:16
are humanityโ€™s impacts on animal habitats and Earthโ€™s climate.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:21
So if zoos truly want to help protect the diversity of animal life on this planet,
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ืื– ืื ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:26
perhaps they should redirect their efforts
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื
04:28
to preserving the natural habitats these animals so desperately need.
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ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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