Diagnosing a zombie: brain and behavior (Part two) - Tim Verstynen & Bradley Voytek

285,300 views ใƒป 2012-10-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:16
(Zombie noises) Doctor 1: So, here we are again.
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื) ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ 1: ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
00:22
You know, I've been thinking. Why is this thing so angry?
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืขืก?
00:26
Doctor 2: Maybe he's just hungry.
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ 2: ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืจืขื‘.
00:28
D1: (Laughs) I'm not going in there to feed it.
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ื“1: (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื ื™ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
00:31
No, this seems like something very primal.
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ืœื, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
00:35
D2: This is kind of a hard one,
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ื“2: ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”,
00:37
because we don't really have any biological definitions for emotions like anger.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืขืก.
00:41
Sure, brain imaging studies have shown that some brain regions are more active when people are angry,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื,
00:47
but these are almost always correlational.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
00:50
When it's warmer outside, people wear less clothing,
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ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื,
00:52
but if I strip down to my birthday suit, it doesn't make it sunny.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื–ืจื•ื—.
00:56
D1: (Laughs) It's like having someone run on a treadmill and saying
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ื“1:(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
00:59
"Look at how much more his arms move when he runs faster!
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"ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื–ื–ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ!
01:03
The arms must be where running happens."
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ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช."
01:05
D2: That's why working with people with brain lesions is so important to neuroscience.
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ื“2: ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:09
It adds some causal evidence that a brain area might be required for a behavior.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
01:14
Same with brain simulation studies.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ืช ืžื•ื—.
01:16
If stimulating a brain area causes a behavior,
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ืื ื’ืจื•ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
01:19
then that's good evidence that the brain region is involved in that behavior.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
01:23
So like studies with cats in the 1950s
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50
01:26
showed that stimulating a small almond-shaped area deep in the brain called the amygdala
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉื’ืจื•ื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฉืงื“ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
01:30
leads to aggressive or predatory behaviors.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื ื™ืช.
01:33
These things look pretty aggressive to me.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื“ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:35
D1: Right. But other studies have shown that stimulating different parts of the amygdala
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ื“1: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
01:39
can actually suppress predatory behaviors.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื“ื›ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื ื™ืช.
01:42
So it's kind of a complicated little brain structure.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
01:44
D2: Yeah. And fMRI studies have found that the amygdala is active in violent criminals.
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ื“21: ื›ืŸ. ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ MRI ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื.
01:49
D1: Whoa, whoa, whoa. Careful there.
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ื“1: ื•ื•ืื•, ื•ื•ืื•, ื•ื•ืื•. ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื.
01:51
Just because criminals have the same active brain regions as people who are angry,
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื,
01:54
doesn't mean that they're inherently aggressive.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื.
01:57
That's like saying because I kiss with the same face hole that I use to burp,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฉืง ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื”ืง ื“ืจื›ื•,
02:00
then these two things are related.
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ืื– ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:03
It's a false equivalence.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืคืกื•ืœื”.
02:04
D2: Huh! Never thought of it like that. That's a good point.
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ื“2: ื”ื! ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš. ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:07
D1: You know, the amygdala is part of the Papez circuit.
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ื“1: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขื’ืœ ืคืคื–.
02:11
This system was discovered by James Papez, who used the rabies virus to lesion different areas in the cat's brain.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคืคื–, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ืœื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ.
02:16
He found that the amygdala was physically connected to another region called the hippocampus --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก --
02:21
a little seahorse-shaped area that is needed to turn short-term memories into long-term memories.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ืก ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืœื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
02:26
It's thought that this connection between the amygdala and hippocampus
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก
02:29
links emotion and memory together,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:31
so that you remember really emotional stuff better than boring everyday things.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื.
02:35
D2: Yeah, like Patient H.M. In the 1950s, surgeons removed both his left and right hippocampuses
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ื“2: ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ H.M. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50, ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื•
02:41
to treat his epilepsy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:42
But after the surgery, he couldn't remember any new information for longer than a few minutes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:47
Zombies appear to be pretty forgetful, wouldn't you agree?
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื—ื ื™ื, ืืชื” ืžืกื›ื™ื?
02:51
D1: (Laughs) Absolutely. Between the amygdala-related aggression,
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ื“1:(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” - ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช,
02:54
and memory deficits from the hippocampus,
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ื•ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก,
02:57
Papez may have actually accidentally created the first zombie cat.
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ืคืคื– ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืœ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™.
03:01
D2: Aw, come on now, let's not get carried away.
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ื“2: ืื”, ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ื ืœื ื ื™ืกื—ืฃ.
03:04
But now we do have some testable hypotheses.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
03:08
I'd put money on its aggression and memory problems being linked to abnormalities
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื” ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
03:11
in its amygdala and hippocampus, respectively.
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ื‘ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”.
03:14
D1: Great! So all we need to do now is figure out how to experimentally test this.
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ื“1: ืžืขื•ืœื”! ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช.
03:18
Do you think it'll let us examine its brain to verify our hypothesis?
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ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื”?
03:22
D2: Uh, you know, I think I might be more comfortable not knowing the answer to this one.
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ื“2: ืื”, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื”.
03:28
D1: Hmm. Maybe we could get a graduate student to do it for us?
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ื“1: ื”ืžืž. ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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