The surprising cause of stomach ulcers - Rusha Modi

3,706,062 views ใƒป 2017-09-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:06
In 1984, an enterprising Australian doctor named Barry Marshall
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ื‘ 1984, ืจื•ืคื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืืจื™ ืžืืจืฉืœ
00:12
decided to take a risk.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:14
Too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
00:19
due to stomach ulcers,
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ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืžื›ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื”,
00:20
which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract.
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ืคืฆืข ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™.
00:24
At the time, few effective treatments for ulcers existed,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”,
00:28
and many sufferers required hospitalization or even surgery.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืืฉืคื– ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:33
Desperate for answers,
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ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:35
Dr. Marshall swallowed a cloudy broth of bacteria
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉืœ ื‘ืœืข ืžืฉืงื” ืขื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
00:39
collected from the stomach of one of his patients.
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ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืœื™ื•.
00:43
Soon, Dr. Marshall was experiencing the same abdominal pain,
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ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”,
00:47
bloating,
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ื ืคื™ื—ื•ืช,
00:48
and vomiting.
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ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช.
00:49
Ten days later, a camera called an endoscope
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ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค
00:53
peered inside his insides.
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ื”ืฆื™ืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ื•.
00:55
Marshall's stomach was teeming with the same bacteria as his patient.
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
01:01
He'd also developed gastritis, or severe inflammation of the stomach,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืคื™ืชื— ื’ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืก, ื“ืœืงืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”,
01:06
the hallmark precursor of ulcers.
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ื”ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืœื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”.
01:10
Dr. Marshall's idea challenged
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉืœ ืงืจืื” ืชื’ืจ
01:12
a misconception that still persists to this day:
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื›ื™ื•ื:
01:16
that ulcers are caused by stress,
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ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
01:18
food,
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ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
01:19
or too much stomach acid.
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ืื• ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื”.
01:22
Marshall thought the culprit was bacterial infections.
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ืžืจืฉืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ืœื™ืช.
01:26
Initially, his idea was considered crazy
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ
01:28
by the brightest medical minds on the planet.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:31
But in 2005, he and Dr. Robin Warren received the ultimate validation
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 2005, ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™
01:37
when they were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine.
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ืขื ื–ื›ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
01:42
Our stomachs are J-shaped organs with surprisingly intricate ecosystems
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืจืก ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื”,
01:47
awash in hormones and chemicals.
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ืžื•ืฆืคืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
01:50
The stomach is under constant attack by digestive enzymes,
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
01:54
bile,
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ืžืจื”,
01:55
proteins,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
01:56
microbes,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:57
and the stomach's own acid.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
02:00
In response, it produces bicarbonate,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืงืจื‘ื•ื ืื˜,
02:02
mucus,
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ืจื™ืจ,
02:03
and phospholipids called prostaglandins
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ื•ืคื•ืกืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื˜ื’ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื
02:07
to maintain the integrity of its own lining.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืœื”.
02:10
This delicate balance is constantly regulated
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“
02:12
and referred to as mucosal defense.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจื™ืจื™.
02:16
Since the mid-1800s, doctors thought stress alone caused most stomach ulcers.
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ืžืื– ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื—ืฅ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื‘ ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
02:23
Patients were given antidepressants or tranquilizers
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืขื”
02:26
and told to visit health spas.
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
02:30
This belief eventually shifted to the related notion of spicy foods
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ืœื—ืฅ
02:34
and stress as culprits.
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ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:37
Yet no convincing study has ever demonstrated that emotional upset,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืœื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื—ืฅ ืจื’ืฉื™,
02:42
psychological distress,
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ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:43
or spicy food
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ืื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
02:45
directly causes ulcer disease.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”.
02:50
By the mid-20th century, it was widely accepted that excess hydrochloric acid
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ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ืœื•ืจื™ืช
02:55
prompted the stomach to eat itself.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
02:58
Fervent proponents of this idea were referred to as the acid mafia.
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
03:03
The biggest hole in this theory was that antiacids only provide
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื”
03:07
temporary relief.
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ืกื™ืคืงื• ื”ืงืœื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:10
We now know that some rare ulcers
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
03:12
are indeed caused by too much hydrochloric acid.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื›ืœื•ืจื™ืช.
03:16
But they make up less than 1% of all cases.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 1% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
03:20
Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren pinpointed a spiral-shaped bacteria
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉืœ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืจืื• ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช
03:24
called Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, as the real offender.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™, ืื• H ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:30
H. pylori is one of humanity's oldest and most frequent companions,
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H ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
03:35
having joined us at least 50,000 years ago,
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ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 50,000 ืฉื ื”,
03:38
and now found in 50% of people.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ 50% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:41
Previously, we thought the stomach was sterile
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืช
03:44
on account of it being such an acidic, hostile environment.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื›ืดื› ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
03:48
Yet H. pylori survives the acidic turmoil of the stomach
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ืช H ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
03:52
with a variety of features that disrupt mucosal defense in its favor.
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ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ืขืดื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจื™ืจื™.
03:57
For example, it produces an enzyme called urease
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ืจืื–
04:01
that helps protect it from the surrounding gastric acid.
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ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”.
04:05
H. pylori can make over 1,500 proteins,
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H ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1500 ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
04:08
many of which are dedicated to maximizing its virulence.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืืจืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:13
We still have unanswered questions,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื•,
04:15
like why specific people develop ulcers at particular times.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:20
However, we do know individual genetics,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:23
other medical problems,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:25
use of certain medications,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
04:26
smoking,
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ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
04:27
and the genetic diversity of Helicobacter strains all play a role.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“.
04:34
In particular, certain pain medications used to reduce inflammation in joints
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืฉื›ื—ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจืงื™ื
04:39
have been discovered to work with H. pylori
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ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื›ื›ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื H ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™
04:42
to create more severe stomach ulcers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:45
Dr. Marshall ended up being fine after his famous, albeit dangerous, experiment.
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
04:51
He ingested a course of antibiotics similar to the ones taken now for ulcers.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืข ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”,
04:57
To be treated by simple antibiotics is a modern triumph
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
05:01
for a disease that previously needed surgery.
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ืœืžื—ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืฉื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
05:04
Marshall's work also reminded us that scientific progress is not always smooth.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงื“ืžื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืœื”.
05:10
But there's value in trusting your proverbial,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
05:13
and sometimes literal, gut.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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