The surprising cause of stomach ulcers - Rusha Modi

3,733,126 views ・ 2017-09-28

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: hyoungwoon jang κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
In 1984, an enterprising Australian doctor named Barry Marshall
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1984λ…„, 호주의 진취적인 μ˜μ‚¬ 배리 λ§ˆμ…œμ€
00:12
decided to take a risk.
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μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ‹¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ 그의 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 볡뢀 톡증을 ν˜Έμ†Œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:19
due to stomach ulcers,
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μœ„μ˜ 상피 세포에 μ†μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•œ
00:20
which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract.
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μœ„κΆ€μ–‘ λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
At the time, few effective treatments for ulcers existed,
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ€ λ§Žμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
00:28
and many sufferers required hospitalization or even surgery.
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λ§Žμ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ μž…μ› 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜κ³ , 심지어 μˆ˜μˆ κΉŒμ§€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Desperate for answers,
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λ‹₯ν„° λ§ˆμ…œμ€ ν•΄λ…μ œλ₯Ό κ°„μ ˆνžˆ μ›ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
00:35
Dr. Marshall swallowed a cloudy broth of bacteria
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό λ°°μ–‘ν•œ ν˜Όνƒμ•‘μ„ 직접 μ‚ΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
collected from the stomach of one of his patients.
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그의 ν™˜μžμ€‘ ν•œ λͺ…μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μΆ”μΆœν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:43
Soon, Dr. Marshall was experiencing the same abdominal pain,
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곧, λ§ˆμ…œμ€ λ™μΌν•œ 볡뢀 톡증을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
bloating,
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μœ„ 점막이 μƒμ²˜λ₯Ό μž…κ³ ,
00:48
and vomiting.
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ꡬ토λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Ten days later, a camera called an endoscope
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10일 ν›„, κ·ΈλŠ” μœ„ λ‚΄μ‹œκ²½μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•΄μ„œ
00:53
peered inside his insides.
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그의 μœ„λ₯Ό κ²€μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Marshall's stomach was teeming with the same bacteria as his patient.
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λ§ˆμ…œμ˜ μœ„ λ‚΄λΆ€λŠ” 그의 ν™˜μžμ˜ 것과 λ™μΌν•œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œ 가득 μ°¨ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
He'd also developed gastritis, or severe inflammation of the stomach,
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μœ„μ—Όμ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, (μœ„μ˜ 점막 염증)
01:06
the hallmark precursor of ulcers.
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μœ„κΆ€μ–‘ μ „μ‘°κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
Dr. Marshall's idea challenged
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λ§ˆμ…œμ˜ κ²¬ν•΄λŠ”
01:12
a misconception that still persists to this day:
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  톡념인 μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 원인에 λŒ€ν•΄
01:16
that ulcers are caused by stress,
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도전μž₯을 λ‚΄λ°€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
food,
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μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 원인이 μŒμ‹μ΄λ‚˜
01:19
or too much stomach acid.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ μœ„μ‚° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ” 톡념에 말이죠.
01:22
Marshall thought the culprit was bacterial infections.
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λ§ˆμ…œμ€ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 원인이 μ„Έκ· μ„± 감염 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
Initially, his idea was considered crazy
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μ²˜μŒμ—” 미친 생각이라고 μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
by the brightest medical minds on the planet.
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 말이죠.
01:31
But in 2005, he and Dr. Robin Warren received the ultimate validation
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 2005년에, 그와 λ‹₯ν„° 둜빈 μ›Œλ Œμ€ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 인정을 λ°›κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
when they were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine.
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노벨 μ˜ν•™μƒμ„ λ°›μŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨ 말이죠.
01:42
Our stomachs are J-shaped organs with surprisingly intricate ecosystems
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μœ„λŠ” J λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ 생긴 맀우 λ†€λžλ„λ‘ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒνƒœμ‘°μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
awash in hormones and chemicals.
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λ‚΄λΆ€λŠ” 호λ₯΄λͺ¬κ³Ό ν™”ν•™ 물질둜 λ„˜μ³ λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
The stomach is under constant attack by digestive enzymes,
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μœ„λŠ” μ†Œν™” νš¨μ†Œμ˜ λŠμž„ μ—†λŠ” 곡격을 λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
bile,
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담즙,
01:55
proteins,
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ,
01:56
microbes,
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미생물,
01:57
and the stomach's own acid.
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그리고 μœ„μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„°μš”.
02:00
In response, it produces bicarbonate,
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μœ„λŠ” 이에 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, 쀑탄산염과
02:02
mucus,
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점앑,
02:03
and phospholipids called prostaglandins
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ν”„λ‘œμŠ€νƒ€κΈ€λž€λ”˜μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μΈμ§€μ§ˆμ„ μƒμ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
to maintain the integrity of its own lining.
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방어선을 μ˜¨μ „νžˆ μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
This delicate balance is constantly regulated
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ •κ΅ν•œ κ· ν˜•μ΄ 계속 쑰절되고 있으며
02:12
and referred to as mucosal defense.
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이것은 μ λ§‰μ˜ λ°©μ–΄κΈ°μ œλΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
Since the mid-1800s, doctors thought stress alone caused most stomach ulcers.
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1800λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜ 이후 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€κ°€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Patients were given antidepressants or tranquilizers
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ ν•­μš°μšΈμ œλ‚˜ μ§„μ •μ œ 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
and told to visit health spas.
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그리고 μ˜¨μ²œμš• μΉ˜λ£Œλ„ ꢌ유 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
This belief eventually shifted to the related notion of spicy foods
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ€ κ²°κ΅­ 맀운 μŒμ‹μ΄ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” λ―ΏμŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
and stress as culprits.
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슀트레슀 μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:37
Yet no convincing study has ever demonstrated that emotional upset,
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μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 연ꡬ도 감정적 μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€λ‚˜
02:42
psychological distress,
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심리적인 고톡,
02:43
or spicy food
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λ˜λŠ” 맀운 μŒμ‹μ΄
02:45
directly causes ulcer disease.
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직접적인 μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 원인이라고 λ°νžˆμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
By the mid-20th century, it was widely accepted that excess hydrochloric acid
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20μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜κΉŒμ§€ 널리 퍼진 이둠은
02:55
prompted the stomach to eat itself.
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κ³Όλ„ν•œ μœ„μ‚°μ˜ λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μœ„λ₯Ό μžκ·Ήν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
Fervent proponents of this idea were referred to as the acid mafia.
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이 이둠의 μ—΄λ ¬ν•œ μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ€ 이것을 μ‚°μ„± λ§ˆν”Όμ•„λΌκ³  μΉ­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
The biggest hole in this theory was that antiacids only provide
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이 이둠의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 ν—ˆμ μ€
03:07
temporary relief.
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μ œμ‚°μ œλŠ” 단지 μΌμ‹œμ μΈ 증상 μ™„ν™”λ§Œ λ•λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
We now know that some rare ulcers
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ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
are indeed caused by too much hydrochloric acid.
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일뢀 λ“œλ¬Έ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 경우 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ³Όλ„ν•œ μœ„μ‚°μ˜ λΆ„λΉ„λ‘œ λ°œλ³‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
But they make up less than 1% of all cases.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 λͺ¨λ“  μœ„κΆ€μ–‘ μ›μΈμ˜ 1%κ°€ 채 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren pinpointed a spiral-shaped bacteria
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λ‹₯ν„° λ§ˆμƒ¬κ³Ό λ‹₯ν„° μ›Œλ Œμ€ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ˜ 진범을 μ •ν™•νžˆ μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
called Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, as the real offender.
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그것은 ν—¬λ¦¬μ½”νŒŒ 파일둜리, λ˜λŠ” H νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬λΌλŠ” λ‚˜μ„ ν˜• λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
H. pylori is one of humanity's oldest and most frequent companions,
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H νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬λŠ” 인λ₯˜μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 였래되고 λΉˆλ²ˆν•œ λ™λ°˜μžμ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
having joined us at least 50,000 years ago,
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적어도 5λ§Œλ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° 인간과 이 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ ν•¨κ»˜ ν–ˆμ—ˆκ³ 
03:38
and now found in 50% of people.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ „μ…°κ³„μ˜ 50% 인ꡬ가 이 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ— κ°μ—Όλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Previously, we thought the stomach was sterile
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이전에, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μœ„κ°€ μ²™λ°•ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
on account of it being such an acidic, hostile environment.
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μœ„μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μœ„λŠ” μ λŒ€μ μΈ ν™˜κ²½μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
03:48
Yet H. pylori survives the acidic turmoil of the stomach
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ H νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬λŠ” μœ„μ‚°μ˜ ν˜Όλž€μ†μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
with a variety of features that disrupt mucosal defense in its favor.
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μ λ§‰μ˜ λ°©μ–΄κΈ°μ œ 역할을 λ°©ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
For example, it produces an enzyme called urease
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, H νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ ˆμ•„μ œλΌλŠ” μš”μ†Œκ°€μˆ˜λΆ„ν•΄νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
that helps protect it from the surrounding gastric acid.
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이것은 μœ„μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ H 파일둜리의 생쑴을 λ•μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
H. pylori can make over 1,500 proteins,
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H νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬λŠ” 1,500개의 κ΅¬μ‘°λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κ³ ,
04:08
many of which are dedicated to maximizing its virulence.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κ΅¬μ‘°λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ H 파일둜리의 λ°œλ³‘λ ₯을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
We still have unanswered questions,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² μ—¬μ „νžˆ 풀리지 μ•Šμ€ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
like why specific people develop ulcers at particular times.
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μ™œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ— μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ΄ μ‹¬ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”.
04:20
However, we do know individual genetics,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 개개인의 μœ μ „μž,
04:23
other medical problems,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜ν•™μ  문제,
04:25
use of certain medications,
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ•½λ¬Όμ˜ μ‚¬μš©,
04:26
smoking,
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흑연,
04:27
and the genetic diversity of Helicobacter strains all play a role.
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그리고 ν—¬λ¦¬μ½”λ°•ν„°μ˜ μœ μ „μ  닀양성을 가진 λ³€ν˜•λ“±μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ 제 역할을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
In particular, certain pain medications used to reduce inflammation in joints
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 예둜, κ΄€μ ˆμ—Όμ˜ 증상 μ™„ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš© λ˜λŠ” νŠΉμ • μ§„ν†΅μ œμ˜ 경우
04:39
have been discovered to work with H. pylori
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H. νŒŒμΌλ‘œλ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬
04:42
to create more severe stomach ulcers.
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더 κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
Dr. Marshall ended up being fine after his famous, albeit dangerous, experiment.
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λ‹₯ν„° λ§ˆμ…œμ€ 비둝 μœ„ν—˜ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ λͺ…성을 μ•ˆκ²¨λ‹€ μ€€ κ·Έ μ‹€ν—˜ 이후에 건강을 νšŒλ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
He ingested a course of antibiotics similar to the ones taken now for ulcers.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ²˜λ°©λ˜λŠ” μ•½κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 일련의 ν•­μƒμ œλ₯Ό μ„­μ·¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
To be treated by simple antibiotics is a modern triumph
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ ν•­μƒμ œ 만으둜 μœ„κΆ€μ–‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜ν•™μ˜ μŠΉλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
for a disease that previously needed surgery.
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κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” 수술이 ν•„μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆ 말이죠.
05:04
Marshall's work also reminded us that scientific progress is not always smooth.
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λ§ˆμ…œμ˜ 업적은 κ³Όν•™μ˜ 진보가 항상 μˆœνƒ„ν•œκ²ƒμ€ μ•„λ‹˜μ„ μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
But there's value in trusting your proverbial,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 속담에도 μžˆλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 직감은 믿을 λ§Œν•œ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
and sometimes literal, gut.
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그것은 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ Gut μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (직감, μ†Œν™”κ΄€μ˜ 뜻)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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