The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell

73,810 views ใƒป 2014-04-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If I were to distill the 20 years of elephant research
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชืžืฆืช ืืช 20 ื”ืฉื ื”
ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ-ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“,
00:09
that I've done
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00:10
into one sentence,
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00:12
what would it be?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”?
00:14
What could I tell you?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื?
00:15
I would say that elephants are just like us!
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื ื•!
00:19
And what do I mean by that?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื–ื”?
00:21
It takes a lot of patience
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช
00:23
to be out there in the field
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—
00:24
and trying to figure out patterns
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
00:26
of these very slow and intelligent animals.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:28
But over time, it is true they are very similar to us.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•.
00:33
And you think, "Well, how can I say that?
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ื•ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื: "ืื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”?
00:35
Look, they have huge ears,
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"ืชืจืื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
00:36
they have really long noses.
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืคื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
00:38
What do you mean they're like us?"
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"ืœืžื” ืืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘'ื›ืžื•ื ื•'?"
00:40
Well, in fact, their families are very similar to ours.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื•.
00:44
And family is extremely important to elephants.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ืœื™ื.
00:47
They grow up in very tight-knit families
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“
00:50
and they have extended families.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
00:53
And it's just like our family reunions
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•
00:54
where you have all the aunts gathering around
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืืกืคื•ืช
00:57
with all the food they're going to bring and plan,
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ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ืื•,
00:59
and all the boys are thinking,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:00
"Are we going to play our video games together?
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื™ื—ื“?
01:02
Are we going to spar?"
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜?"
01:03
It's very, very similar,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
01:05
and it's jubilant, and screaming, yelling, it's really amazing to see.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžื—, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฆืขืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
01:09
But, as soon as you get that family gathering,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”,
01:12
it's just like a wedding or anything else,
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
01:14
all of the sudden the family politics come out,
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช,
01:17
and the lower-ranking individuals in this scene,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืกืฆื ื”,
01:20
you see the arrow off to the back,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฅ ืฉื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
01:22
the lower-ranking individuals already know their station,
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:24
they're going to drink at the muddiest part of the pan
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ื”ื ื™ืฉืชื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ
01:27
because the whole family's here and we can't drink at the best water
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืคื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
01:30
because that's reserved for the top-ranking family.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:34
What's also very similar
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“
01:35
is that you have elders in the group
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
01:38
that everyone reveres.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื.
01:40
This is the matriarch,
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ื–ื• ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช,
01:41
and the other female is reaching over
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ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื ื™ื’ืฉืช
01:43
and doing what's called a trunk to mouth
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื—ื“ืง ืœืคื”",
01:45
placing her trunk in the mouth,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืง ืฉืœื” ืœืคื”,
01:46
and it's a sign of respect,
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“,
01:48
it's kind of like a handshake,
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
01:50
but it's also like a salute.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ืขื”.
01:52
And this salute is learned at a very young age.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฆื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
01:55
Now, ritual and bonding within the family
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ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
01:58
also facilitates coordinated activities.
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ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช.
02:01
So, here's a young female whose calf has fallen into the trough
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœื”,
02:05
and she doesn't know what to do and she panics.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”.
02:07
Well, the older female, that's the matriarch,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช,
02:10
she says, "No problem here," she just scoops the baby out.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”," ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:13
Now, that's not true for a lot of different families,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:16
they can't coordinate very well,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืชื™ืื•ื,
02:18
the younger females don't really know what to do,
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:20
but the older ones will just get down,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:22
kneel down together and pick the baby out.
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ืจื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
02:26
Another thing that's very similar
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”
02:27
is the coming of age of teenage boys.
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื,
02:30
Male elephants at the age of about 12 to 15.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื 12 ืขื“ 15.
02:33
The biggest elephant in this photograph here
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ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื”
02:36
is an elephant who's about the leave the family.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืœ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
02:39
He gets too big, he gets a little fresh,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื•ืฃ,
02:42
the adult females had enough of him,
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ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื ืžืืก ืžืžื ื•,
02:44
but he also is independent,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืฆืžืื™,
02:45
he wants to go out and play with the guys.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”.
02:48
So what happens then is that you have this all male society,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
02:51
very ritual male society.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ืช.
02:53
Greg is our main dominant bull here,
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ื’ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืคื”,
02:56
you can see him in the middle.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
02:57
He's got a huge posse, his following reveres him.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:01
And it's very interesting how very good leaders,
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
03:04
very good dominant individuals
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
03:05
know how to titrate the carrot and the stick.
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืงืœ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืจ.
03:09
This guy's a master at it,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื–ื”,
03:11
and there's other bullies out there
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื
03:12
that want to kind of want to create their own little following,
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืœื”ื,
03:14
but they can't do it because they're too agressive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื.
03:17
And so when he's not around
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:19
they try and sweet talk the underlings to come into their fold,
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืื™ืชื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:22
and they actually become less agressive.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื.
03:25
So it's very interesting to see how politics play out
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉื—ืงืช
03:28
in these male and female societies.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:32
Now back to the ladies here.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืคื”.
03:34
In a core family group you'll have a mother,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืชืžืฆืื• ืื,
03:37
maybe even a grandmother,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื‘ืชื,
03:39
her daughters and all of their offspring,
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
03:40
the male and female calves.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
03:43
And what's very interesting here
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื”
03:44
is that how character makes a difference.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื ื”:
03:47
So each matriarch has a very different character.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:50
These two characters are kind of curious,
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ืฉืชื™ ืืœื” ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื ื™ื•ืช,
03:52
they're uncertain,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช,
03:54
whereas these other two characters are really agressive.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช.
03:57
"We're going to charge first, ask questions later."
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"ืงื•ื“ื ื ืชืงื•ืฃ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช."
04:01
But then there are also matriarchs that say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช,
04:03
"Forget it! I'm going to run first
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"ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื–ื”! ืงื•ื“ื ืื‘ืจื—,
04:05
and then figure it out when we're in the bush
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"ื•ืื—"ื› ืื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื›ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื™ื
04:07
and it's safe."
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"ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช."
04:08
But the wisest matriarch,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”,
04:10
the matriarchs that succeed best
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
04:12
in all of the studies that have been done,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื•,
04:14
is the one that assesses the danger
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”
04:17
and decides is this worth running away from
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื–ื”
04:20
or is this not a big deal at all.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:22
Now being social is super important for elephants
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืกื•ืคืจ-ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ืœื™ื
04:25
and of course right at the beginning,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
04:28
just like early childhood development,
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
04:30
socialization is very important.
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘:
04:32
Bathing together, eating together, playing together,
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ืจื—ืฆื”, ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื,
04:35
rough housing, this is all very important
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ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
04:37
for social development.
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
04:39
And who hasn't tried to beat their sibling
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ื•ืžื™ ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•
04:40
to the head of the line coming into the water hole?
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ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื?
04:44
And these relationships from the beginning
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:48
is just like best friends forever for real.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื“.
04:50
These females are going to live together for life.
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:53
Now if it's a male, female they might know each other for life,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจ, ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:56
but it's really important to develop those bonds early on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืงื“ื.
05:00
Those are the relationships that are going to save you later.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:03
I'll show you a little schoolyard scenario here.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
05:07
Where, I think if you just focus on what's happening here
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืคื”
05:10
you can see that we have the bully,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
05:13
he's pulling on the trunk of this baby calf,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:16
and then we have the diplomat
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜
05:18
who's reaching over and saying,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
05:19
"No, don't do that! Stop doing that!"
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"ืœื, ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”! ืชืคืกื™ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”!"
05:21
And then, of course, we have the bystander.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืฆื“.
05:23
And how do you get these three different characters
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœื•
05:25
within the family?
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”?
05:28
It's kind of fascinating to think that elephants
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืคื™ืœื™ื
05:30
really are just like us.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
05:32
And so I got curious about this
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”
05:34
and I thought, "Well, what if you measure
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
05:37
the difference in character of a dominant female's calf
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:41
versus a lower-ranking female's calf,
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ืžื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:44
and see what happens in their growing up."
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื."
05:47
And so we started doing this.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:49
And you can see this little guy with his ears out,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื˜ื ืฆ'ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”, ืขื ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช,
05:51
really charging at you.
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ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืจื›ื.
05:53
The difference between that character
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
05:55
and the character who holds back,
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžืชืืคืง,
05:57
wants to touch mom,
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืืžื,
05:59
isn't so certain about what's going on here.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”.
06:00
But the other one's charging ahead all confident.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
06:03
Well, we started measuring how far away
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง
06:06
a calf will stray from mom,
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ื’ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืžืื™ืžื•,
06:09
how often do they touch others,
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:10
how often do they initiate play,
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง,
06:12
and then look at the dominance of the females, of their mothers.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:16
And what we found is that socializing with the dominant calves
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
06:21
actually socialize more significantly more than the lower-ranking calves.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:24
And what it looks like is
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• --
06:26
it's not that the lower-ranking calves don't want to play,
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ืœื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง,
06:29
they're actually not allowed to interact
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ
06:31
with the higher-ranking calves.
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ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:33
They get swatted away from the dominant females.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:36
and so this is kind of the downside of,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ,
06:38
okay we are very much like elephants,
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"ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื™ื,
06:40
elephants are as much like us,
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"ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื ื•,"
06:42
but it's kind of for better or for worse
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข,
06:44
because I can also see this happening in humans
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ
06:47
and maybe we should take a lesson from that.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”.
06:50
One last thing that we found
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
06:51
is that the males will be the risk-takers,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
06:54
they're more independent
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
06:55
and they're more likely to spend more time away from mom.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืžื.
06:58
And that's very true in human societies
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
07:00
and with other social animals.
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ื•ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:03
So I hope I've convinced you
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื
07:04
that we have very similar lives to elephants
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื™ื
07:07
and that elephants have very individual, durable
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ื•ืฉืœืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘
07:11
characters that we've measured across years.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื.
07:14
The bully always tends to be the bully
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ
07:16
unless there's some kind of social upset,
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ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
07:18
and he decides he better be a softy
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ืš
07:20
or else he's not going to gain favor at all.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
07:23
And then you have the gentle giants
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
07:25
that are always going to be gentle.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
07:27
The young males really need mentoring from the elders,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
07:30
and those gentle giants are very good at doing that,
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ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”,
07:33
soliciting them.
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ืœืฉื“ืœ ืื•ืชื.
07:35
Leaving family is a really hard things for the males,
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ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
07:38
but they survive and they figure out who to hang out with.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
07:42
So, just to end here, I just wanted to say that
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ
07:45
since they are so similar to us,
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ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•,
07:47
and have these characters,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:48
I hope when you see them on TV
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ืฉืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
07:50
or you go out and you're lucky enough to see them in the wild,
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ืื• ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
07:53
that maybe you'll think of them
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
07:54
as individual characters deserving of our attention,
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ื›ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•,
07:57
and also deserving of our protection. Thank you.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื’ื ืชื ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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