How your muscular system works - Emma Bryce

2,709,715 views ใƒป 2017-10-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Each time you take a step,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื,
00:08
200 muscles work in unison to lift your foot,
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200 ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ,
00:12
propel it forward,
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
00:13
and set it down.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื”.
00:15
It's just one of the many thousands of tasks performed by the muscular system.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
00:20
This network of over 650 muscles covers the body
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ืจืฉืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-650 ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
00:24
and is the reason we can blink,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆืžืฅ,
00:26
smile,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ืš,
00:27
run,
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ืœืจื•ืฅ,
00:29
jump,
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ืœืงืคื•ืฅ,
00:30
and stand upright.
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“.
00:31
It's even responsible for the heart's dependable thump.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘.
00:35
First, what exactly is the muscular system?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื?
00:39
It's made up of three main muscle types:
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
00:42
skeletal muscle, which attaches via tendons to our bones,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช,
00:46
cardiac muscle, which is only found in the heart,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืœื‘,
00:50
and smooth muscle, which lines the blood vessels and certain organs,
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
00:54
like the intestine and uterus.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืขื™ ื•ื”ืจื—ื.
00:57
All three types are made up of muscle cells,
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ,
00:59
also known as fibers, bundled tightly together.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช.
01:03
These bundles receive signals from the nervous system
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ื”ืื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
01:06
that contract the fibers, which in turn generates force and motion.
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”.
01:11
This produces almost all the movements we make.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:14
Some of the only parts of the body
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
01:16
whose motions aren't governed by the muscular system
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ืฉืชื ื•ืขืชื ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
01:18
are sperm cells,
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ื”ื ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข,
01:20
the hair-like cilia in our airways,
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ื”ืจื™ืกื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:23
and certain white blood cells.
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ื•ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
01:25
Muscle contraction can be split into three main types.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
01:29
The first two, shortening muscle fibers and lengthening them,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
01:32
generate opposing forces.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.
01:34
So the biceps will shorten while the triceps will lengthen or relax,
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ืื– ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื™ืชืงืฆืจื• ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชืœืช ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืชืืจื›ื• ืื• ื™ืจืคื•,
01:38
pulling up the arm and making it bend at the elbow.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื•ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื” ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืง.
01:42
This allows us to, say, pick up a book,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœื”ืจื™ื ืกืคืจ,
01:45
or if the muscle relationship is reversed, put it down.
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ืื• ืื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื•.
01:49
This complementary partnership exists throughout the muscular system.
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
01:53
The third type of contraction creates a stabilizing force.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘.
01:57
In these cases, the muscle fibers don't change in length,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื,
02:01
but instead keep the muscles rigid.
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ืืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื—.
02:04
This allows us to grip a mug of coffee or lean against a wall.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ืกืคืœ ืงืคื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ.
02:08
It also maintains our posture by holding us upright.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉืจื”.
02:13
Skeletal muscles form the bulk of the muscular system,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:16
make up about 30-40% of the body's weight,
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 30-40% ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:19
and generate most of its motion.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื•.
02:22
Some muscles are familiar to us, like the pectorals and the biceps.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข,
02:26
Others may be less so, like the buccinator,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืกื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ,
02:29
a muscle that attaches your cheek to your teeth,
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ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:32
or the body's tiniest skeletal muscle,
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ืื• ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:34
a one-millimeter-long tissue fragment called the stapedius
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ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกื˜ืคื“ื™ื•ืก
02:38
that's nestled deep inside the ear.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
02:41
Wherever they occur, skeletal muscles are connected to the somatic nervous system,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื, ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืฉืœื“ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
02:45
which gives us almost complete control over their movements.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:49
This muscle group also contains two types of muscle fibers
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
02:52
to refine our motions even further, slow-twitch and fast-twitch.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
02:58
Fast-twitch fibers react instantly when triggered
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื
03:01
but quickly use up their energy and tire out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขื™ื™ืคื™ื.
03:04
Slow-twitch fibers, on the other hand, are endurance cells.
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืื™ื˜ื™, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ืชืื™ ืกื‘ื•ืœืช.
03:07
They react and use energy slowly so they can work for longer periods.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:12
A sprinter will accumulate more fast-twitch muscles in her legs
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ืืฆื ื™ืช ืชืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”
03:15
through continuous practice,
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ื“ืจืš ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
03:17
enabling her to quickly, if briefly, pick up the pace,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
03:21
whereas back muscles contain more slow-twitch muscles
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื’ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:24
to maintain your posture all day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:27
Unlike the skeletal muscles, the body's cardiac and smooth muscles
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื“, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:31
are managed by the autonomic nervous system
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ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช
03:33
beyond our direct control.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
03:35
That makes your heart thump roughly 3 billion times
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืขืžื™ื
03:38
over the course of your life,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
03:40
which supplies the body with blood and oxygen.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืกืคืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื“ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:43
Autonomic control also contracts and relaxes smooth muscle
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื’ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื
03:46
in a rhythmic cycle.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™.
03:48
That pumps blood through the smooth internal walls of blood vessels,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
03:52
enables the intestine to constrict and push food through the digestive system,
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
03:56
and allows the uterus to contract when a person is giving birth.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื—ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช.
04:01
As muscles work, they also use energy and produce an important byproduct, heat.
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ื›ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื•ื.
04:06
In fact, muscle provides about 85% of your warmth,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 85% ืžื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื,
04:10
which the heart and blood vessels then spread evenly across the body
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ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื•ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
04:14
via the blood.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื.
04:15
Without that, we couldn't maintain the temperature necessary
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื”, ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื”
04:18
for our survival.
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
04:20
The muscular system may be largely invisible to us,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
04:23
but it leaves its mark on almost everything we do,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
04:26
whether it's the blink of an eye or a race to the finish line.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืœืžืฆืžืฅ ืื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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