Why does ice float in water? - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

1,853,364 views ใƒป 2013-10-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:06
Water is the liquid of life.
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ืžื™ื ื”ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:08
We drink it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื.
00:09
we bathe in it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
00:10
we farm,
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00:10
cook,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
00:11
and clean with it.
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ื•ืœื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ.
00:12
It's the most abundant molecule in our bodies.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:14
In fact, every life form we know of
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
00:16
would die without it.
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ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื.
00:18
But most importantly, without water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื,
00:20
we wouldn't have
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
00:22
iced tea.
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ืื™ื™ืก ืชื”.
00:23
Mmmm, iced tea.
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ืžืžืž, ืื™ื™ืก ืชื”.
00:27
Why do these ice cubes float?
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ืœืžื” ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืืœื” ืฆืคื•ืช?
00:29
If these were cubes of solid argon
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ืื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืง
00:31
in a cup of liquid argon,
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ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
00:33
they would sink.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช.
00:34
And the same goes for most other substances.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:37
But solid water, a.k.a. ice,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืงืจื—,
00:40
is somehow less dense than liquid water.
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ื”ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
00:43
How's that possible?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
00:45
You already know that every water molecule
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื
00:46
is made up of two hydrogen atoms
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ
00:48
bonded to one oxygen atom.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื˜ื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื—ื“.
00:51
Let's look at a few of the molecules
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
00:52
in a drop of water,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื,
00:54
and let's say the temperature is 25 degrees Celcius.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื 25 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
00:57
The molecules are bending,
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืขืงืžื•ืช,
00:59
stretching,
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ื ืžืชื—ื•ืช,
01:00
spinning,
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01:00
and moving through space.
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ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช,
ื•ื–ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:02
Now, let's lower the temperature,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:04
which will reduce the amount of kinetic energy
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:06
each of these molecules has
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
01:08
so they'll bend, stretch, spin, and move less.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืชืขืงืžืŸ, ื™ืžืชื—ื•, ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ื–ื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:11
And that means that on average,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:13
they'll take up less space.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืคืกื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื.
01:15
Now, you'd think that as the liquid water
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
01:17
starts to freeze,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ื,
01:18
the molecules would just pack together
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื—ืกื• ื™ื—ื“
01:20
more and more closely,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืžื•ื“,
01:21
but that's not what happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
01:23
Water has a special kind
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:25
of interaction between molecules
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:26
that most other substances don't have,
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ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ,
01:29
and it's called a hydrogen bond.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื ื™.
01:30
Now, remember that in a covalent bond
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืœื ื˜ื™
01:32
two electrons are shared,
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ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื,
01:35
usually unequally,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:36
between atoms.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
01:37
In a hydrogen bond,
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื ื™,
01:38
a hydrogen atom is shared, also unequally,
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ืื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ื—ืœืง, ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:41
between atoms.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
01:43
One hydrogen bond looks like this.
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ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
01:46
Two look like this.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
01:47
Here's three
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
01:48
and four
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ื•ืืจื‘ืขื”
01:49
and five,
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ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื”,
01:50
six,
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ืฉื™ืฉื”,
01:51
seven,
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01:51
eight,
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ืฉื‘ืขื”,
ืฉืžื•ื ื”,
01:52
nine,
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01:52
ten,
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ืชืฉืขื”,
ืขืฉืจื”,
01:53
eleven,
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01:53
twelve,
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ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ,
ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจ,
01:54
I could go on.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
01:56
In a single drop of water,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื ืื—ืช,
01:57
hydrogen bonds form extended networks
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ืงื™ืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช
02:00
between hundreds, thousands, millions,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืช, ืืœืคื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:02
billions, trillions of molecules,
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื, ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:04
and these bonds are constantly breaking and reforming.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:07
Now, back to our water as it cools down.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจืจื™ื.
02:09
Above 4 degrees Celcius,
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ืžืขืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
02:11
the kinetic energy of the water molecules
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื
02:13
keeps their interactions with each other short.
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ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืœืงืฆืจื”.
02:16
Hydrogen bonds form and break
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ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
02:18
like high school relationships,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:20
that is to say, quickly.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืžื”ืจ.
02:22
But below 4 degrees,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
02:23
the kinetic energy of the water molecules
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
02:25
starts to fall below the energy
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:27
of the hydrogen bonds.
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ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.
02:29
So, hydrogen bonds form much more frequently
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ืื–, ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ
02:32
than they break
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ืžืฉื”ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื
02:33
and beautiful structures start to emerge
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
02:35
from the chaos.
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ืžื”ื›ืื•ืก.
02:37
This is what solid water, ice,
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ื ืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ืงืจื—,
02:39
looks like on the molecular level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:41
Notice that the ordered, hexagonal structure
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ
02:44
is less dense than the disordered structure
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ
02:47
of liquid water.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
02:48
And you know that if an object is less dense
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก
02:50
than the fluid it's in,
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ืžื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื,
02:52
it will float.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืฃ.
02:53
So, ice floats on water,
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ืื–, ืงืจื— ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
02:55
so what?
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ืื– ืžื”?
02:56
Well, let's consider a world without floating ice.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืงืจื— ืฆืฃ.
02:59
The coldest part of the ocean
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
03:00
would be the pitch-black ocean floor,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:03
once frozen, always frozen.
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ืคืขื ืงืคื•ืื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืคื•ืื”.
03:05
Forget lobster rolls
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ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืงืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ
03:06
since crustaceans would lose their habitats,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:08
or sushi since kelp forests wouldn't grow.
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ืื• ืกื•ืฉื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•.
03:11
What would Canadian kids do in winter
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ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื ื“ื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ
03:13
without pond hockey or ice fishing?
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืงื™ ืื’ืžื™ื ืื• ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืงืจื—?
03:15
And forget James Cameron's Oscar
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ื•ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืื•ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืžืจื•ืŸ
03:17
because the Titanic totally would have made it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
03:20
Say goodbye to the white polar ice caps
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ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืงืคื•ืื•ืช
03:22
reflecting sunlight
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:23
that would otherwise bake the planet.
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ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
03:25
In fact, forget the oceans as we know them,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื,
03:27
which at over 70% of the Earth's surface area,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 70% ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
03:29
regulate the atmosphere of the whole planet.
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ืฉืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:32
But worst of all,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ,
03:33
there would be no iced tea.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ืก ืชื”.
03:37
Mmmmm, iced tea.
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ืžืžืž, ืื™ื™ืก ืชื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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