How to build a dark matter detector - Jenna Saffin

328,276 views ใƒป 2018-05-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
More than two kilometers below the surface of northern Ontario,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื•,
00:12
suspended in 345,000 liters of ultra-pure water,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš 345,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื˜ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื,
00:18
thereโ€™s a perfect sphere.
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
00:20
It contains 3600 kilograms of liquid argon,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” 3600 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
00:24
cooled to -180 degrees Celsius.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจืจ ืœืžื™ื ื•ืก 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
00:28
Scientists continuously monitor this chamber from above ground,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
00:32
looking for a glimmer of light in the darkness.
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ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื ืฆื ื•ืฅ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”.
00:35
Because down here,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”,
00:36
deep beneath the Earthโ€™s surface and cocooned in a watery shield,
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ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™,
00:39
that light would indicate the presence of one of the universeโ€™s greatest mysteries:
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื:
00:44
dark matter.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
00:46
All the matter we can see, planets, stars and galaxies,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
00:50
doesnโ€™t create enough gravitational pull
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
00:52
to explain the universeโ€™s larger structure.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:55
Itโ€™s dark matter, which is estimated to make up 25% of the known universe.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ, ืฉืžื•ืขืจืš ื› 25% ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข.
01:01
But despite its prevalence,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:02
so far we havenโ€™t been able to detect it directly.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
01:05
Itโ€™s no small challenge.
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ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ.
01:07
Dark matter was so named because it doesnโ€™t interact with any type of light,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื ืงืจื ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
01:11
visible or otherwise,
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ื ืจืื” ืื• ืœื,
01:13
which means our usual observation tools
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:15
simply donโ€™t work when trying to observe it.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
01:18
But while dark matter may not be visible in the electromagnetic spectrum,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
01:21
itโ€™s still matter,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:23
so we should be able to measure its interactions with other matter.
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ืื– ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:26
And if our current model of physics is correct,
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:29
billions of sub-atomic dark matter particles
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
01:32
are passing through the Earth every second.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:34
Despite the prevalence of dark matter,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
01:36
its interactions are predicted to be rare and extremely weak.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:40
To detect these interactions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:41
dark matter experiments need to be incredibly sensitive.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
01:45
With such sensitive equipment,
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ืขื ื›ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ,
01:47
the ever-present background radiation on Earthโ€™s surface
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ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:50
would create so much noise in the data
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ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
01:52
that any dark matter particles would be completely overwhelmed.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืจืขืฉ.
01:56
It would be like trying to hear a pin drop on a busy city street.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืกื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืื ืช.
02:00
To solve this problem,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:01
scientists have had to dig deep into the Earth.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:04
Dark matter experiments are set up in specialized underground labs,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืชืš ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช,
02:08
either in mines or inside mountains.
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ืื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ื.
02:11
The rock that makes up the Earthโ€™s crust works like a filter,
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ื”ืกืœืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ,
02:15
absorbing radiation and stopping disruptive particles.
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ืกื•ืคื’ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื•ืขื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื.
02:18
The ultra-pure water in which the detector is suspended
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืชืœื•ื™
02:22
adds an additional layer of radiation filtering.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”.
02:25
This shielding ensures that only the particles scientists are looking for
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
02:29
can make their way into the detectors.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืื™.
02:31
Once these particles reach an experimentโ€™s inner vessel,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
02:34
scientists have a chance of detecting them.
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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:37
The detector media are chosen because theyโ€™re exquisitely sensitive detectors
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœืื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:41
that can be purified extremely well.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:43
These could be a liquid noble gas,
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ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื,
02:45
germanium
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ื
02:46
and silicon crystals,
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ื•ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
02:48
a refrigerant,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
02:49
or other materials.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:50
When radiation interacts, it leaves tell-tale signs,
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ื›ืฉืงืจื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื,
02:53
such as light or bubbles,
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:55
which can be picked up by the sensors inside the detector.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืื™.
02:58
The detector media are held in a central chamber made of glass
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
03:01
or a special type of acrylic.
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ืื• ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง.
03:03
These chambers have to be able to hold the substance inside
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื
03:06
without interacting with it
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื•
03:08
while withstanding incredible pressure from the water outside.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:12
The inner vessel is surrounded by powerful sensors
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
03:15
designed to detect even the tiniest blips of light,
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
03:18
or the sound vibrations caused by a single bubble.
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ืื• ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
03:21
Each sensor records data 24/7,
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ื›ืœ ื’ืœืื™ ืžืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข 24/7,
03:25
and experiments run for months and years at a time,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
03:28
generating terabytes of data every day.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
03:31
Building dark matter detectors is as much a feat of engineering
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ื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ืœืื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื’ ื”ื ื“ืกื™
03:35
as it is a feat of physics.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™.
03:37
By the time an experiment is ready to start collecting data,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:40
years or decades of work and investment have already gone into it,
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ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื–ื”,
03:44
to the tune of tens of millions of dollars.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
03:47
As of 2017, no dark matter particles have been directly detected.
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2017, ืืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืœื ื–ื•ื”ื”.
03:53
Thatโ€™s not entirely surprising.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
03:55
Physicists expect these interactions to be incredibly rare and difficult to detect.
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ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
04:00
In the meantime,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:01
scientists continue to develop new technologies
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:04
and increase detector sensitivity,
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืื™ื,
04:06
closing in on where dark matter is hiding.
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ื.
04:09
And when they find it,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื•,
04:10
weโ€™ll finally be able to bring the universeโ€™s darkest secrets into the light.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœืื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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