How to build a dark matter detector - Jenna Saffin

328,868 views ・ 2018-05-01

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Minseo Yun κ²€ν† : Won Jang
β€œμ„Έμƒμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이 전뢀라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ 말라.
μ–΄λ–€ μ˜μ—­μ„ νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λ“ μ§€ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 찾아라.” -λ‚˜λ‹¨ μšΈν”„
00:09
More than two kilometers below the surface of northern Ontario,
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뢁뢀 μ˜¨νƒ€λ¦¬μ˜€ μ§€ν‘œλ©΄μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 2km 이상 λ‚΄λ €κ°€λ©΄
00:12
suspended in 345,000 liters of ultra-pure water,
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345,000L의 μ΄ˆμˆœμˆ˜μ— λ–  μžˆλŠ” (초순수: κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ μ •μ œν•΄μ„œ μ΄μ˜¨μ„ μ œκ±°ν•œ λ¬Ό)
00:18
there’s a perfect sphere.
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ ꡬ체가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
It contains 3600 kilograms of liquid argon,
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이 ꡬ체 μ•ˆμ—λŠ” 3600kg의 μ•‘ν™” μ•„λ₯΄κ³€μ΄
00:24
cooled to -180 degrees Celsius.
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μ˜ν•˜ 180λ„λ‘œ λƒ‰κ°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€μš”.
00:28
Scientists continuously monitor this chamber from above ground,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ§€μƒμ—μ„œ 이 방을 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λ©°
00:32
looking for a glimmer of light in the darkness.
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μ–΄λ‘ μ†μ—μ„œ λΉ› ν•œμ€„κΈ°λ₯Ό 찾으렀 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
Because down here,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 지ꡬ ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 이 μ•„λž˜μ˜ λ¬Ό λ³΄ν˜Έλ§‰μ— 감싸여진 κ³³μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¬ 빛은
00:36
deep beneath the Earth’s surface and cocooned in a watery shield,
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00:39
that light would indicate the presence of one of the universe’s greatest mysteries:
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우주의 κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ‹ λΉ„ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό 증λͺ…ν•  것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
dark matter.
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λ°”λ‘œ 암흑 λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
All the matter we can see, planets, stars and galaxies,
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ν–‰μ„±λ“€, 별듀, 그리고 μ€ν•˜λ“€κ³Ό 같은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€
00:50
doesn’t create enough gravitational pull
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우주의 더 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ°μ—
00:52
to explain the universe’s larger structure.
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 쀑λ ₯을 생성해내지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
It’s dark matter, which is estimated to make up 25% of the known universe.
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μ•Œλ €μ§„ 우주의 25%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” 것은 λ°”λ‘œ μ•”ν‘λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
But despite its prevalence,
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 어디에든 νΌμ Έμžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:02
so far we haven’t been able to detect it directly.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 직접 λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
It’s no small challenge.
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이것은 μ ˆλŒ€ μž‘μ€ 도전이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
Dark matter was so named because it doesn’t interact with any type of light,
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암흑 물질이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” 이 물질이 κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„ μ΄λ“  μ•„λ‹ˆλ“ 
01:11
visible or otherwise,
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μ–΄λ–€ 빛과도 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
01:13
which means our usual observation tools
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 관츑도ꡬ듀이
01:15
simply don’t work when trying to observe it.
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ κ΄€μΈ‘ ν•  λ•Œ μ†Œμš©μ΄ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
But while dark matter may not be visible in the electromagnetic spectrum,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 암흑 물질이 μ „μžκΈ°νŒŒ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ—μ„œ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  해도
01:21
it’s still matter,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ 이것은 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄λ―€λ‘œ
01:23
so we should be able to measure its interactions with other matter.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 물질과 λ‹€λ₯Έ 물질 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
And if our current model of physics is correct,
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그리고 λ§Œμ•½ 우리의 ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 물리학 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μ˜³λ‹€λ©΄
01:29
billions of sub-atomic dark matter particles
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 μ•„μ›μž 암흑 물질 μž…μžλ“€μ΄
01:32
are passing through the Earth every second.
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맀초 λ§ˆλ‹€ 지ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅κ³Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Despite the prevalence of dark matter,
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이처럼 암흑 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 널리 퍼져 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:36
its interactions are predicted to be rare and extremely weak.
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κ·Έκ²ƒλ“€μ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ€ λ“œλ¬Όκ³  맀우 μ•½ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
To detect these interactions,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ κ°μ§€ν•˜λ €λ©΄
01:41
dark matter experiments need to be incredibly sensitive.
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암흑 물질과 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ 맀우 λ―Όκ°ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
With such sensitive equipment,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ―Όκ°ν•œ μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄,
01:47
the ever-present background radiation on Earth’s surface
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지ꡬ ν‘œλ©΄μ— 항상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μžμ—°λ°©μ‚¬μ„ μ΄
01:50
would create so much noise in the data
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데이터에 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ μž‘μŒμ„ λ°œμƒμ‹œμΌœ
01:52
that any dark matter particles would be completely overwhelmed.
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암흑 물질 μž…μžλ“€μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ¬»ν˜€λ²„λ¦΄ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
It would be like trying to hear a pin drop on a busy city street.
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ν˜Όμž‘ν•œ λ„μ‹œμ˜ κ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ λ°”λŠ˜ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μœΌλ €λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ£ .
02:00
To solve this problem,
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이 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:01
scientists have had to dig deep into the Earth.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 지ꡬ 깊이 νŒŒκ³ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Dark matter experiments are set up in specialized underground labs,
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암흑 물질 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ νŠΉν™”λœ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€λ“€μ—μ„œ 이루어지고
02:08
either in mines or inside mountains.
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€λ“€μ€ 보톡 κ΄‘μ‚°μ΄λ‚˜ 산속에 μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:11
The rock that makes up the Earth’s crust works like a filter,
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 지각을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 암석은 ν•„ν„°μ²˜λŸΌ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
absorbing radiation and stopping disruptive particles.
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방사선을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  λ°©ν•΄κ°€ λ˜λŠ” μž…μžλ“€μ„ 막아주죠.
02:18
The ultra-pure water in which the detector is suspended
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탐지기가 λΆ€μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ΄ˆμˆœμˆ˜λŠ”
02:22
adds an additional layer of radiation filtering.
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방사선을 κ±ΈλŸ¬μ£ΌλŠ” 좔가적인 막을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
This shielding ensures that only the particles scientists are looking for
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이 차폐물은 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ°Ύκ³  μžˆλŠ” μž…μžλ“€λ§Œμ΄
02:29
can make their way into the detectors.
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탐지기 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Once these particles reach an experiment’s inner vessel,
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일단 이 μž…μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ μš©κΈ°μ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λ©΄
02:34
scientists have a chance of detecting them.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그것듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•  기회λ₯Ό μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
The detector media are chosen because they’re exquisitely sensitive detectors
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탐지기 λ§€μ²΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 잘 μ •μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
02:41
that can be purified extremely well.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ •κ΅ν•˜κ³  λ―Όκ°ν•œ κ°μ§€κΈ°λ‘œ μ„ νƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
These could be a liquid noble gas,
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이것듀은 μ•‘μ²΄μ˜ λΉ„ν™œμ„± 기체일 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
02:45
germanium
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μ €λ§ˆλŠ„
02:46
and silicon crystals,
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그리고 κ²°μ •μ§ˆ μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜
02:48
a refrigerant,
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λƒ‰κ°μ œ
02:49
or other materials.
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ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 물질일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
When radiation interacts, it leaves tell-tale signs,
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방사선이 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•  λ•Œ, 숨길 수 μ—†λŠ” 흔적을 λ‚¨κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
such as light or bubbles,
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λΉ›μ΄λ‚˜ κ±°ν’ˆ 같은 것이죠.
02:55
which can be picked up by the sensors inside the detector.
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이것듀은 탐지기 내뢀에 μžˆλŠ” μ„Όμ„œμ— μ˜ν•΄ 감지될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
The detector media are held in a central chamber made of glass
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탐지기 λ§€μ²΄λŠ” μœ λ¦¬λ‚˜ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μ•„ν¬λ¦΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„
03:01
or a special type of acrylic.
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쀑앙 격싀에 λ³΄κ΄€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
These chambers have to be able to hold the substance inside
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이 격싀은 그속에 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 보관할 수 μžˆμœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„
03:06
without interacting with it
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물질과 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
03:08
while withstanding incredible pressure from the water outside.
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외뢀에 μžˆλŠ” 물의 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ••λ ₯을 κ²¬λŽŒλ‚΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
03:12
The inner vessel is surrounded by powerful sensors
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λ‚΄λΆ€ μš©κΈ°λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ„Όμ„œλ“€λ‘œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
designed to detect even the tiniest blips of light,
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μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λΉ›μ˜ κΉœλΉ‘μž„μ΄λ‚˜, 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ±°ν’ˆμ— μ˜ν•œ
03:18
or the sound vibrations caused by a single bubble.
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μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜ 진동도 감지할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ³ μ•ˆλ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
03:21
Each sensor records data 24/7,
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각 μ„Όμ„œλŠ” 데이터λ₯Ό 쉬지 μ•Šκ³  μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ κΈ°λ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
and experiments run for months and years at a time,
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그리고 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ λͺ‡ 달, λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄
03:28
generating terabytes of data every day.
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맀일 TBλ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 데이터λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Building dark matter detectors is as much a feat of engineering
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암흑 물질 탐지기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것은 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ 업적이기도 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:35
as it is a feat of physics.
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κ³΅ν•™μ˜ 역할도 맀우 ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
By the time an experiment is ready to start collecting data,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ 데이터λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•  μ€€λΉ„κ°€ 될 λ•Œ μ¦ˆμŒμ—λŠ”
03:40
years or decades of work and investment have already gone into it,
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이미 μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸친 μž‘μ—…κ³Ό νˆ¬μžκ°€ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄
03:44
to the tune of tens of millions of dollars.
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수천만 λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 거금이 νˆ¬μž…λœ μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
As of 2017, no dark matter particles have been directly detected.
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2017λ…„ ν˜„μž¬, μ–΄λ–€ 암흑 물질 μž…μžλ„ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
That’s not entirely surprising.
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그것은 μ „ν˜€ λ†€λΌμš΄ 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
Physicists expect these interactions to be incredibly rare and difficult to detect.
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이런 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄ 맀우 λ“œλ¬Όκ³  νƒμ§€ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€κ³  μ˜ˆμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
In the meantime,
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ
04:01
scientists continue to develop new technologies
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
and increase detector sensitivity,
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λ˜ν•œ νƒμ§€κΈ°μ˜ 감도λ₯Ό 높이며
04:06
closing in on where dark matter is hiding.
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암흑 물질이 μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆλŠ” 곳에 λ‹€κ°€κ°€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
And when they find it,
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그리고 그것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λ©΄
04:10
we’ll finally be able to bring the universe’s darkest secrets into the light.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 우주의 κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 비밀듀을 밝힐 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
암흑 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ μ•Œκ³  μ‹ΆμœΌμ‹ κ°€μš”?
이 μ˜μƒλ“€μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹œκ³ 
우주의 더 μ–΄λ‘‘κ³  κΉŠμ€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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