The fight for the right to vote in the United States - Nicki Beaman Griffin

778,552 views ใƒป 2013-11-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:06
When the next general election rolls around,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืขื•,
00:08
who will be eligible to show up at the polls
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืœืคื™ื•ืช
00:10
and vote for the President of the United States?
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช?
00:13
It's really pretty simple.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
00:14
If you are at least 18 years old,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 18,
00:16
a citizen of the U.S.,
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:17
and a resident of a state,
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ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
00:18
you can vote,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
00:19
assuming, that is, you are not a felon.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื”, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืฉืืชื ืœื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืขื™ื.
00:21
Seems about right.
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ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:23
After all, the United States prides itself
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืชื’ืื”
00:25
on being a democracy,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
00:26
or a government in which the ultimate authority
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ืื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:28
lies with the citizens of the nation.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”.
00:30
But it was not always this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
00:32
In 1789, George Washington won
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ื‘ 1789, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื”
00:35
the electoral college with 100% of the vote,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื 100% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
00:38
but whose vote was it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™?
00:39
Probably not yours.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:41
Only 6% of the entire United States population
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ืจืง ืœ 6% ืžื›ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจื”"ื‘
00:44
was allowed to vote at all.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
00:47
Voting was a right
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00:47
that only white, male property owners
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช
ืฉืจืง ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืจืงืข
00:49
were allowed to exercise.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ.
00:51
By the 1820s and 1830s,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 1820 ื•ื”- 1830,
00:53
the American population was booming
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
00:55
from the east coast into the western frontier.
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
00:57
Frontier farmers were resilient,
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืฉื™ื”,
00:59
self-reliant,
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ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
01:00
and mostly ineligible to vote
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
01:02
because they did not own land.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ืื“ืžื”.
01:04
As these new areas of the nation became states,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
01:07
they typically left out
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•
01:08
the property requirement for voting.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
01:10
Leaders such as Andrew Jackson,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ื“ืจื• ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ,
01:12
the United State's first common man President,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื" ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:14
promoted what he called universal suffrage.
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ืงื™ื“ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
01:16
Of course, by universal suffrage,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
01:18
Jackson really meant universal white, male suffrage.
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ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
01:22
All he emphasized was getting rid
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ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ
01:23
of the property requirement for voting,
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ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื”,
01:25
not expanding the vote beyond white men.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
01:28
By the 1850s, about 55% of the adult population
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช 1850, ื‘ืขืจืš 55% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช
01:31
was eligible to vote in the U.S.,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:33
much better than 6%,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 6%,
01:35
but far from everybody.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
01:37
Then, in 1861,
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ืื–, ื‘- 1861,
01:39
the American Civil War began
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื”
01:40
largely over the issue of slavery
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
01:42
and states' rights in the United States.
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ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
01:44
When it was all over,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ืžืจื”,
01:45
the U.S. ratified the 15th Amendment,
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ืชื™ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 15 ืœื—ื•ืงื”,
01:48
which promised that a person's right to vote
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ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
01:50
could not be denied
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœืœ
01:51
based on race,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื’ื–ืข,
01:52
color,
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ืฆื‘ืข,
01:53
or previous condition as a slave.
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ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:55
This meant that black men,
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ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
01:56
newly affirmed as citizens of the U.S.,
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
01:59
would now be allowed to vote.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
02:00
Of course, laws are far from reality.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
02:03
Despite the promise of the 15th Amendment,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 15,
02:05
intimidation kept African-Americans
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ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
02:07
from exercising their voting rights.
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ืžืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:10
States passed laws that limited
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื•
02:11
the rights of African-Americans to vote,
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
02:13
including things like literacy tests,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืช,
02:15
which were rigged
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืžืจืืฉ
02:16
so that not even literate African-Americans
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืจื•ื
02:18
were allowed to pass,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ,
02:19
and poll taxes.
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ื•ืžื™ืกื™ ืงืœืคื™ื•ืช.
02:21
So, despite the 15th Amendment,
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ืื–, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 15,
02:23
by 1892, only about 6% of black men
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ืขื“ 1892, ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš 6% ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
02:26
in Mississippi were registered to vote.
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ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
02:28
By 1960, it was only 1%.
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ืขื“ 1960, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 1%.
02:31
And, of course, women were still totally out
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ
02:33
of the national voting picture.
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ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช.
02:34
It wasn't until 1920
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ 1920
02:36
that the women's suffrage movement
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ืฉืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื
02:38
won their 30-year battle,
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ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
02:40
and the 19th Amendment finally gave women the vote,
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 19 ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
02:42
well, white women.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:44
The restrictions on African-Americans,
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ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
02:46
including African-American women,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
02:48
remained.
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ื ืฉืืจื•.
02:49
After World War II,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:50
many Americans began to question
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช
02:52
the state of U.S. democracy.
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ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
02:54
How could a nation that fought
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ืื™ืš ืื•ืžื” ืฉื ืœื—ืžื”
02:55
for freedom and human rights abroad
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ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:57
come home and deny suffrage based on race?
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื–ืข?
03:00
The modern civil rights movement
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ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
03:01
began in the 1940s with those questions in mind.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 40 ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:04
After years of sacrifice,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื”,
03:06
bloodshed,
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03:06
and pain,
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ื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื,
ื•ื›ืื‘,
03:07
the United States passed
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
03:08
the Voting Rights Act of 1965,
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ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ 1965,
03:11
finally eliminating restrictions
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
03:12
such as literacy tests
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ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช
03:14
and protecting the voting rights
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ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”
03:15
promised under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 15 ืœื—ื•ืงื”.
03:18
Now, any citizen over the age of 21 could vote.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 21 ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
03:22
All seemed well
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืชืื™ื
03:24
until the United States went to war.
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ืขื“ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:26
When the Vietnam War called up all men
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ื›ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื ืงืจืื” ืœื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ
03:29
age 18 and over for the draft,
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ืžื’ื™ืœ 18 ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก,
03:31
many wondered whether it was fair
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื”ื• ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
03:32
to send men who couldn't vote to war.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื”ืœื—ื.
03:35
In 1971, the 26th Amendment to the Constitution
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ื‘ 1971, ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”- 26 ืœื—ื•ืงื”
03:39
made all citizens 18 and older
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ืงื‘ืข ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 18
03:41
eligible to vote,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
03:42
the last major expansion of voting rights
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ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”
03:44
in the United States.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:46
Today, the pool of eligible voters in the U.S.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
03:49
is far broader and more inclusive
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ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:51
than ever before in U.S. history.
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ืžืื™ ืคืขื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:53
But, of course, it's not perfect.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
03:55
There are still active efforts
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
03:57
to suppress some groups from voting,
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
03:59
and only about 60% of those who can vote do.
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ื•ืจืง 60% ืžืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
04:03
Now that you know all the hard work
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”
04:04
that went into securing the right to vote,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
04:07
what do you think?
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ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
04:08
Do enough citizens have the right to vote now?
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ื”ืื ืœืžืกืคื™ืง ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
04:10
And among those who can vote,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
04:12
why don't more of them do it?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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