History vs. Richard Nixon - Alex Gendler

4,361,243 views ใƒป 2015-02-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
The presidency of the United States of America
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ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:09
is often said to be one of the most powerful positions in the world.
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ื ืืžืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:13
But of all the U.S. presidents accused of misusing that power,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
00:17
only one has left office as a result.
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ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”.
00:21
Does Richard Nixon deserve to be remembered
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ื”ืื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ
00:23
for more than the scandal that ended his presidency?
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ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกืงื ื“ืœ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•?
00:26
Find out as we put this disgraced president's legacy on trial
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ื’ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืคืฉ ืœืžืฉืคื˜
00:31
in History vs. Richard Nixon.
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ.
00:35
"Order, order.
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"ืกื“ืจ, ืกื“ืจ.
00:36
Now, who's the defendant today, some kind of crook?"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ ื”ื ืืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ืฉืข?"
00:39
"Cough. No, your Honor.
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"ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ, ืœื, ืื“ื•ื ื™,
00:42
This is Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States,
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ื–ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื”ืื•ืก ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื” 37 ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:46
who served from 1969 to 1974."
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ืฉืฉืจืช ืž 1969 ืขื“ 1974."
00:50
"Hold on.
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"ื—ื›ื• ืจื’ืข.
00:53
That's a weird number of years for a president to serve."
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืจืช."
00:56
"Well, you see, President Nixon resigned for the good of the nation
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”
01:00
and was pardoned by President Ford, who took over after him."
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืจื“, ืฉืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•."
01:04
"He resigned because he was about to be impeached,
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"ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื”,
01:06
and he didn't want the full extent of his crimes exposed."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื• ื™ื—ืฉืคื•."
01:10
"And what were these crimes?"
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"ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”?"
01:12
"Your Honor, the Watergate scandal was one of the grossest abuses
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืกืงื ื“ืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœืจืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:16
of presidential power in history.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:19
Nixon's men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคืจืฆื• ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
01:23
to wiretap the offices and dig up dirt on opponents
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ืชืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื
01:27
for the reelection campaign."
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ืœืงืžืคื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ."
01:30
"Cough
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"ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
01:31
It was established that the President did not order this burglary."
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ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื”."
01:35
"But as soon as he learned of it, he did everything to cover it up,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœืžื“ ืขืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”,
01:38
while lying about it for months."
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืฉืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื."
01:41
"Uh, yes, but it was for the good of the country.
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"ืื”, ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:44
He did so much during his time in office and could have done so much more
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:48
without a scandal jeopardizing his accomplishments."
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกืงื ื“ืœ ืฉืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื•."
01:53
"Uh, accomplishments?"
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"ืื”, ื”ืฉื’ื™ื?"
01:54
"Yes, your Honor.
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"ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.
01:56
Did you know it was President Nixon
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ
01:58
who proposed the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:02
and signed the National Environmental Policy Act into law?
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ื•ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช?
02:06
Not to mention the Endangered Species Act,
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ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
02:08
Marine Mammal Protection Act,
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
02:10
expansion of the Clean Air Act."
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืงื™."
02:13
"Sounds pretty progressive of him."
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"ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•."
02:15
"Progressive? Hardly.
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"ืžืชืงื“ื? ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™.
02:17
Nixon's presidential campaign courted Southern voters
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ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:19
through fear and resentment of the civil rights movement."
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—."
02:23
"Speaking of civil rights,
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"ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—,
02:25
the prosecution may be surprised to learn that he signed the Title IX amendment,
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ 9,
02:29
banning gender-based discrimination in education,
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ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœ ืืคืœื™ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
02:33
and ensured that desegregation of schools occurred peacefully,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื’ืข,
02:38
and he lowered the voting age to 18, so that students could vote."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœ 18, ื›ืš ืฉืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข."
02:42
"He didn't have much concern for students
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"ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
02:44
after four were shot by the National Guard at Kent State.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงื ืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜.
02:49
Instead, he called them bums for protesting the Vietnam War,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื,
02:53
a war he had campaigned on ending."
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื”."
02:56
"But he did end it."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื”."
02:57
"He ended it two years after taking office.
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"ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉืจื”.
03:01
Meanwhile, his campaign had sabotaged the previous president's peace talks,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื—ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื•.
03:06
urging the South Vietnamese government to hold out for supposedly better terms,
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ื•ื“ื—ืง ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืžื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
03:11
which, I might add, didn't materialize.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืœื ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•.
03:14
So, he protracted the war for four years,
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ืื–, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
03:17
in which 20,000 more U.S. troops, and over a million more Vietnamese,
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ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ื“ 20,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ื,
03:22
died for nothing."
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ืžืชื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื."
03:25
"Hmm, a presidential candidate interfering in foreign negotiations --
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ื”ืžืž, ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื --
03:29
isn't that treason?"
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”?"
03:31
"It is, your Honor, a clear violation of the Logan Act of 1799."
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"ื–ื” ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืœื•ื’ืืŸ ืž 1799."
03:36
"Uh, I think we're forgetting President Nixon's many
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"ืื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื
03:40
foreign policy achievements.
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ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:42
It was he who normalized ties with China, forging economic ties that continue today."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืจืžืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ืงืฉืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื."
03:49
"Are we so sure that's a good thing?
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"ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘?
03:51
And don't forget his support of the coup in Chile
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ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”
03:54
that replaced the democratically-elected President Allende
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื ื“ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™
03:57
with a brutal military dictator."
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ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืœื™ื."
04:00
"It was part of the fight against communism."
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"ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื."
04:03
"Weren't tyranny and violence the reasons we opposed communism to begin with?
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"ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื ื• ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”?
04:07
Or was it just fear of the lower class rising up against the rich?"
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื?"
04:12
"President Nixon couldn't have predicted the violence of Pinochet's regime,
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"ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื”,
04:16
and being anti-communist didn't mean neglecting the poor.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
04:19
He proposed a guaranteed basic income for all American families,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
04:23
still a radical concept today.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:26
And he even pushed for comprehensive healthcare reform,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:29
just the kind that passed 40 years later."
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืขื‘ืจื” 40 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
04:32
"I'm still confused about this burglary business.
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"ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืกืงื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื”.
04:35
Was he a crook or not?"
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืฉืข ืื• ืœื?"
04:37
"Your Honor, President Nixon may have violated a law or two,
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืจ ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
04:41
but what was the real harm compared to all he accomplished while in office?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื”?"
04:46
"The harm was to democracy itself.
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"ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”,
04:50
The whole point of the ideals Nixon claimed to promote abroad
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:53
is that leaders are accountable to the people,
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ื–ื” ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
04:56
and when they hold themselves above the law for whatever reason,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื”,
04:59
those ideals are undermined."
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ื–ื• ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”."
05:02
"And if you don't hold people accountable to the law, I'll be out of a job."
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"ื•ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœื™ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
05:07
Many politicians have compromised some principles to achieve results,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
05:11
but law-breaking and cover-ups threaten the very fabric the nation is built on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืกืชืจื” ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืืจื’ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื”.
05:17
Those who do so may find their entire legacy tainted
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ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื›ืชืžืช
05:21
when history is put on trial.
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ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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