The bug that poops candy - George Zaidan

4,231,453 views ใƒป 2020-04-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
This is Mabel.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ.
00:09
Mabel is an aphid, a small insect in the same order as cicadas, stink bugs,
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืžื”, ื—ืจืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืงื“ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื,
00:14
and bed bugs.
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ื•ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื.
00:16
All these bugs pierce their prey and suck out vital fluids.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:20
Aphidsโ€™ prey are plants.
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ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:22
And what aphids are after is buried within the plant,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžื—,
00:25
flowing in tubes made from single cells strung end-to-end.
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ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
00:29
These are called sieve tubes and together they form the plumbing system
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื” ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื ืจืช
00:33
for a plantโ€™s most valuable resource: sap.
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ืœืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—: ืœืฉื“.
00:37
Sap is mostly water and sugar.
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ืœืฉื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ.
00:39
Some speciesโ€™ sap has as much sugar per liter as a can of soda.
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ื‘ืœืฉื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื™ืช ืกื•ื“ื”.
00:43
Photosynthesis is constantly producing sugar.
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืœื—ืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ --
00:46
You can think of it as a chemical โ€œpumpโ€ which generates incredibly high pressureโ€”
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00:50
up to 9 times that of a car tireโ€” in the sieve tubes.
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ืขื“ ืคื™ 9 ืžืฆืžื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช -- ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื”.
00:54
To feed, Mabel uses her stylet, which is a long, flexible needle.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื˜ ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื”.
00:58
She slowly worms it into the tissue, between the plantโ€™s cells,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ืฆืžื—,
01:02
until she pierces one of those sieve tubes.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:05
Because the sap is under so much pressure,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœืฉื“ ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืฅ,
01:07
Mabel doesnโ€™t even have to suck it out of the plant.
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืฆืžื—.
01:10
She just opens a valve in her head and lets the pressure push the sap
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืกืชื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœืฉื“
01:14
through her digestive system.
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ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”.
01:16
Weโ€™ll come back to what comes out of her butt, but for now,
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
01:19
you should know that plants donโ€™t want to be punctured and sipped.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ืงืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืช.
01:22
So they try to defend themselves.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
01:25
One defense is the sap itself.
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ื”ื’ื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืœืฉื“ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:27
To see how that works, letโ€™s hypothetically hook up
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ื˜ื˜ื™ืช
01:30
some other insectโ€™s digestive tract to a steady stream of sap.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืœืฉื“.
01:34
When that sap touches the insectโ€™s cells, its high sugar content
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ื›ืฉื”ืœืฉื“ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื—ืจืง, ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœื•
01:38
encourages the water in the cells to come out by osmosisโ€ฆ
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื”...
01:42
exactly like salt encourages water to come out of a slug.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืœื— ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
01:45
The more sap that passes through the insect, the more water it loses.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืจืง, ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื.
01:49
Eventually, it shrivels up and dies.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืฆื˜ืžืง ื•ืžืช.
01:52
Mabelโ€™s gut, however, is packed with an enzyme called sucrase,
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ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืžื•ืกื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืกื•ืงืจืื–,
01:56
which takes two molecules of sucrose and converts them into one molecule
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื•ื– ื•ืžืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช
02:00
of fructose and one ofโ€ฆ this three-unit sugar.
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ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
02:03
Mabel burns the fructose for energy, leaving the three-unit-sugar behind.
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืจืคืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
02:08
Now, how does that help her?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”?
02:10
The more molecules of sugar that are dissolved in the sap,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžื•ืžืกื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื“,
02:13
the more water it can suck out of Mabelโ€™s cells.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื‘ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ.
02:16
By reducing the number of molecules of sugar in the sap,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื“,
02:19
Mabel reduces its ability to suck water out of her cells.
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ืžืชืื™ื”.
02:23
Plant sap neutralized.
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ืœืฉื“ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืžื ื•ื˜ืจืœ.
02:25
Now that means Mabel can feed for days, getting all the energy
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:29
she needs to reproduce.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:32
Some aphid species have an incredible life cycle.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:34
For example, the green peach aphid.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื ื™ืžืช ื”ืืคืจืกืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
02:37
During the fall, males and females mate, and the females lay eggs.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
02:41
But in the spring, when the eggs hatch, all the nymphs that emerge are female.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืžืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
02:46
When those females reach maturity, they donโ€™t lay eggs.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
02:50
Instead, they give birth to live youngโ€ฆ that are clones of themselvesโ€ฆ
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื... ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ...
02:56
and already pregnantโ€ฆ with their own clones.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ... ืขื ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:00
So, these female aphids have two generations of baby aphid clones
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ืื–, ืœื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
03:05
forming inside themselves at the same time.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
03:08
Scientists call this telescopic development.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ืช.
03:11
That means that aphids can make more of themselves fastโ€”
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช --
03:15
there can be 20 generations within a single seasonโ€”
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 20 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช --
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:18
and that means lots of aphid poop.
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03:21
Mabel can poop her entire body weight every two hours,
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ืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื›ืœ ืฉืขืชื™ื,
03:24
making her one of the most prolific poopers on the planet.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:27
Some aphid populations can produce hundreds of kilograms of poop per acre.
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ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืงื™ ืœื“ื•ื ื.
03:32
Now, aphid poop is not like your poop.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืงืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืงื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:35
Chemically, itโ€™s not all that different from sap;
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืœืฉื“;
03:38
itโ€™s a clear and colorless sweet, syrupy liquid.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืงื•ืฃ, ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืกื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ืžืชื•ืง.
03:40
You might already know it by a different name: honeydew.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจ: ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ.
03:44
Other species love honeydew.
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ.
03:46
Some species of ants love it so much they sort of
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
03:49
herd and defend entire aphid colonies.
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ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
03:52
In return, the ants get a steady supply of sweet honeydew,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžืชื•ืง,
03:56
which they can drink directly from the aphidsโ€™ butts.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
ืœื—ื™ื™ื!
03:59
Bottomโ€™s up!
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04:00
Humans love honeydew, too.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ.
04:01
Several Native American tribes used to harvest it from tall reeds
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
04:05
and make it into cake.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ื’ื”.
04:06
And some species of bee make honey from honeydew,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžื˜ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ,
04:09
which humans then harvest and eat.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
04:11
So plants make the sap, which is eaten and pooped out by aphids,
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ืื– ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฉื“, ืฉื ืื›ืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช,
04:15
regurgitated by bees, harvested by humans,
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ืžื•ืขืœื” ื›ื’ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื ืืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:18
and dolloped into a cup of Earl Grey tea.
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ื•ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืชื” ืืจืœ ื’ืจื™ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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