Making sense of how life fits together - Bobbi Seleski

280,349 views ใƒป 2013-04-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I like to think of life science as one big pyramid.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:18
Let's call the pyramid, "biological organization".
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” "ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™".
00:22
Let's work our way from very small and specific concepts
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
00:25
to very large and complex topics.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:29
So let's start at the tip of the pyramid,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
00:31
with something so small, it can't be seen by the human eye,
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืชื•,
00:34
a single cell.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
00:36
A cell by itself is the most basic component of life.
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ื”ืชื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:39
A single cell, which is capable of living on its own,
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ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™,
00:42
is called a unicellular organism,
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ืงืจื•ื™ "ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™",
00:45
organisms like bacteria or protists.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
00:48
These organisms are everywhere you look,
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ืื•ืจื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:51
you just can't see them.
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ืืœื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
00:52
But, when cells join together,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืชื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ
00:54
with more than one cell like itself
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•
00:56
to perform a similar function,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
00:57
it's no longer a unicellular organism.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™.
01:00
It's then called a tissue.
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ื›ืขืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืงืžื”.
01:02
No, not that kind of tissue.
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ืœื, ืœื ืจืงืžื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
01:04
There are four types of tissues found in the human body:
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ื™ืฉ 4 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื:
01:07
connective,
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ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
01:08
muscle,
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ืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ,
01:09
nervous,
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01:09
and epithelial.
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ืจืงืžืช ืขืฆื‘
ื•ืจืงืžื” ืืคื™ืชืœื™ืช.
01:11
Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue
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ืจืงืžืช ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:13
and it's not flimsy like a Kleenex at all.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
01:15
Blood is also an example
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ื”ื“ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
01:17
of the same cells working together to perform the same job,
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ืœืชืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
01:21
but it's a liquid,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
01:22
again, not like a Kleenex at all.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื’ื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
01:24
No matter what the consistency is,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžืช ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื”,
01:26
a tissue is a group of the same cells,
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ืจืงืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
01:29
working together to perform a similar function.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืชืคืงื™ื“.
01:32
Any time there are different tissues working together,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
01:35
we then call it an organ.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืื™ื‘ืจ".
01:37
That's the next level of the pyramid.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
01:39
Animals aren't the only ones with organs;
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื;
01:42
plants have organs too.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:44
When we find multiple different organs
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:46
working together to perform the same job,
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
01:49
we then call it an organ system.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:52
Take the digestive system, for example.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:54
It's made up of a mouth,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืคื”,
01:56
esophagus,
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01:56
stomach,
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ื•ืฉื˜,
ืงื™ื‘ื”,
01:57
pancreas,
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ืœื‘ืœื‘,
01:58
liver,
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01:58
gall bladder,
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ื›ื‘ื“,
ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”,
01:59
small intestine,
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง
02:00
and large intestine,
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ื•ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
02:01
also known as your colon.
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ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
02:03
Although each individual organ in this organ system
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ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
02:06
does a very different job,
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
02:08
together, these organs work to achieve the one goal
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื”
02:11
of taking all the nutrients out of the food we eat
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
02:14
and getting rid of what we don't need.
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ื•ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
02:17
An organ system, by definition,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”,
02:18
can only do one job,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ื“,
02:20
like get the nutrients from our food,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:22
send and receive electrical signals,
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ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:24
or exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
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ืื• ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
02:27
Regardless of their individual function,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:30
all organ systems rely on one another
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื–ื•
02:32
to do the vital jobs which they can't do themselves.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
02:35
If one organ system doesn't work,
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ืื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช,
02:37
the others will shut down, too.
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ื’ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืชื•.
02:39
An organism is a complicated, living thing,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
02:43
which requires the proper functioning
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ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ
02:45
of multiple organ systems to maintain stability.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:48
This stability is called homeostasis.
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ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก".
02:52
When all organ systems are working together
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
02:54
and maintaining homeostasis,
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ืก,
02:57
then it results in a happy, living organism.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื™ ื•ืฉืžื—.
03:00
Organisms are incredibly diverse
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
03:03
and can be as simple as a bacteria
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:05
or as complex as you.
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ืื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
03:07
When a group of the same organisms,
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ื›ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
03:09
also known as a species,
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ื•ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ืŸ,
03:11
live together in the same environment,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
03:13
we then call it a population.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” "ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”".
03:16
Often there are several populations
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช
03:18
all living in one environment.
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:20
That is what we call a community.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื• "ืงื”ื™ืœื”".
03:23
Each time you look out the window,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ,
03:25
you're seeing a community.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
03:27
When we look at multiple communities,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:29
along with how all of the organisms
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
03:32
interact with the physical environment,
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ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
03:34
then we refer to it as an ecosystem.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
03:37
When you look at all the ecosystems of Earth together,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“,
03:40
you're looking at
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ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
03:41
the Earth.
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ืืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:43
The Earth is a big, round circle of life.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:45
That's why we call it a biosphere -
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื”"--
03:47
bio, meaning life
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"ื‘ื™ื•" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื—ื™ื™ื",
03:48
and sphere, meaning circle.
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ื•"ืกืคืจื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” "ืžืขื’ืœ".
03:50
And there you go!
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื!
03:52
When you break it down to each level,
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ื›ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:53
a very complex concept and phrase
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:55
becomes easy to understand.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
03:58
All life starts with a single cell.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
04:00
When cells join together,
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœื• ืœืืœื•,
04:01
they are called a tissue.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื™ืงืžื”.
04:03
A group of different tissues are called an organ,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืื™ื‘ืจ",
04:06
and a group of different organs are an organ system.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื".
04:10
A group of organ systems working together
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“
04:12
make up an organism,
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื,
04:14
and a group of the same organisms are a population.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื - ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
04:17
Combining several different populations together
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ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:20
give us a community.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
04:21
And several different communities in a large area
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘
04:24
is an ecosystem.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:26
And every ecosystem together
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
04:28
makes up our biosphere.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:30
And that, my friends, is biological organization,
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ื•ื–ื”ื•, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
04:33
the pyramid of life.
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ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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