Which is stronger: Glue or tape? - Elizabeth Cox

13,988,123 views ใƒป 2018-04-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
The oldest glue in the world is over 8,000 years old
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ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 8,000 ืฉื ื”
00:11
and comes from a cave near the Dead Sea.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืขืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
00:14
Ancient people used this glue,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”,
00:16
made from a mixture of animal bone and plant materials,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื™ื,
00:20
to waterproof baskets and construct utensils.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ื•ื ืœืžื™ื ืกืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกื›ื•"ื.
00:23
And for thousands of years after,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:25
plants and animals were the glue that held human civilization together.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืง ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:29
Today, we have enough types of tape and glue to build and repair almost anything.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ.
00:34
But what gives glue and tape their stickiness?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•?
00:38
And is one stronger than the other?
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ื•ื”ืื ืื—ื“ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ืฉื ื™?
00:41
Adhesives can be made from synthetic molecules
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช
00:44
or natural proteins and carbohydrates
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
00:47
like the vegetable starch dextrin,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื“ืงืกื˜ื™ืŸ,
00:49
the milk protein casein,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืงื–ืื™ืŸ,
00:51
and the terpenes in tree resin.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจืคื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฃ ืขืฆื™ื.
00:53
In order to work, glue and tape need both adhesive bonds and cohesive bonds.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื“ื‘ืง ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืงืฉืจื™ ื“ื‘ืง ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื“ื™ื.
00:59
Adhesive bonds occur between an adhesiveโ€™s molecules
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืง
01:03
and the molecules of whatever itโ€™s sticking to.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืง ืืœื™ื•.
01:06
Cohesive bonds happen between a glue or tapeโ€™s own molecules,
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื“ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืง ืื• ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืขืฆืžื•,
01:11
holding it together.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื“.
01:13
Most glues consist of adhesive polymers dissolved in a solvent
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืžืžืก
01:17
that prevents them from sticking to the inside of the bottle.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง.
01:20
The strong smell of many glues comes from the solvent,
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ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžืžืก,
01:23
which evaporates when exposed to air.
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ืฉืžืชืื“ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
01:26
Some glues use water as a solvent,
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืžืžืก,
01:28
but others use chemicals that can be harmful to inhale.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:32
Glues with two or more components that chemically react instead of just drying
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ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ
01:37
can create stronger bonds.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:39
Both the adhesive and cohesive bonds of glue are strong,
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืง ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
01:43
but the drying process makes them irreversible.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื™ื.
01:46
This is why, if a glued surface is broken after it dries,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ,
01:50
it canโ€™t be reattached without new glue.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืง ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:53
By contrast, when tape is applied to a surface,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื”, ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—,
01:57
it forms weaker, reversible bonds,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ื™ื,
02:00
so you can peel a piece of tape off a surface and use it again.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืœืฃ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
02:04
These weak bonds, called Van der Waals forces,
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ ื•ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืก,
02:08
can occur between any two materials,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืžืจื™ื,
02:10
but only if theyโ€™re extremely close together,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
02:13
closer than the naked eye can see.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
02:15
Tape usually consists of a backing coated with a combination of a rubber
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ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื‘ ืฉืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžื™
02:20
or rubber-like "stretchy" component,
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ืื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™,
02:23
and a compound called a tackifier.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ืืงื™ืคื™ื™ืจ.
02:25
Thatโ€™s the "sticky" component.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
02:29
A tapeโ€™s stickiness is determined
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ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ื ืงื‘ืขืช
02:31
by the proportion of elastic component and tackifier,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืืงื™ืคื™ื™ืจ,
02:34
the thickness of adhesive spread onto the backing,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘,
02:37
and the type of backing material.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘.
02:39
No chemical reaction occurs when tape is pressed onto a surface.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—.
02:43
Instead, the soft adhesive flows into the cracks and grooves of the surface.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื”ืจืš ื–ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:49
This ability to slide into cracks and then stay in place is called viscoelasticity.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืงืจื ื•ื™ืกืงื•-ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:56
Once the viscoelastic adhesive fills these microscopic crevices,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื•ื™ืกืงื•-ืืœืกื˜ื™ ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:01
it is close enough to form Van der Waals forces.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ ื•ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืก.
03:05
So whatโ€™s the worldโ€™s strongest adhesive?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
03:08
Well, thereโ€™s no one answer.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
03:11
In terms of absolute strength of adhesive bonds,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื,
03:14
glue is stronger than tape,
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ื“ื‘ืง ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง,
03:16
but no single adhesive works well in all circumstances.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
03:20
Of the glues, cyanoacrylates, or super glues,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืงื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืื ื• ืืงืจื™ืœื˜ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืคืจื’ืœื•,
03:25
may form the strongest bonds,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:27
but two-component epoxy glues have much higher resistance to heat and shearing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืคื•ืงืกื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจื”,
03:32
and are compatible with a wider range of surfaces.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื.
03:36
So, if you wanted to dangle an anvil in the air,
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ืื–, ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืกื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
03:40
super glue might be your best bet.
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ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
03:42
But if youโ€™re doing so over an active volcano,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœ,
03:46
youโ€™d want an epoxy instead.
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืคื•ืงืกื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
03:48
And in order to work at all,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
03:49
glues need enough real estate where surfaces touch.
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ื“ื‘ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื.
03:52
If for some reason you wanted to make a chain of bowling balls,
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ืื ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจืช,
03:56
duct tape would be better.
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ื“ืืงื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืค ื™ืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:58
Engineers weigh similar, if less absurd, factors all the time.
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื’ื ืื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:03
Choosing the right glue to withstand the heat inside an engine
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื ื•ืข
04:06
is a matter of life and death.
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ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:08
And though the strength of duct tapeโ€™s adhesive bonds
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืืงื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืค
04:11
canโ€™t compete with those of epoxy glues,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืง ืืคื•ืงืกื™,
04:14
tape does have the advantage of instantaneous stickiness in an emergency.
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ืœื˜ื™ื™ืค ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ืจื•ื.
04:18
Glue may be necessary to get a rocket to space,
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ื“ื‘ืง ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ,
04:22
but when it comes to extraterrestrial repairs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:25
stick to duct tape: liquid glues donโ€™t work in zero gravity.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ื“ืืงื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืค: ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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