The story behind your glasses - Eva Timothy

131,961 views ใƒป 2012-10-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
Optics, or the enhancement of our natural vision,
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื• ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:19
has been one of the biggest catalysts for science over the past 500 years,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ืจื–ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘-500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:23
Interestingly, it wasn't scientific interest, but more practical matters that led to the initial advancements in optics,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™, ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:30
starting around 1440 when Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press.
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1440 ื›ืฉื™ื•ื”ื ืก ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
00:35
In short order, books, which had been a rarity,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
00:39
were now becoming a widespread phenomenon.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
00:41
All that new reading material meant more knowledge was circulating,
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ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
00:45
but it also meant that more people were straining their eyes,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื,
00:48
likely as they read by candlelight.
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ื›ืฉืงืจืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจื•ืช.
00:51
And while spectacles had been invented in Italy around 1286,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘- 1286,
00:55
the need for reading glasses increased substantially.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
00:59
Now that people could use lenses to see things more clearly,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ,
01:02
they started wondering if vision could be enhanced to see things the human eye couldn't perceive by its own devices.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื ื”ืจืื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ.
01:09
Robert Hooke pursued microscopy, and 1665 he published his findings of worlds inside worlds,
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืง ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ื‘ 1665 ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช,
01:16
which he called "cells" in the book "Micrographia."
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื "ืชืื™ื" ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”."
01:21
At the other end of the spectrum,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื,
01:23
Galileo innovated with telescopic lenses,
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ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืขื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
01:25
and in 1609, he had refined a telescope until he had an instrument powerful enough to see distant objects in the sky
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ื•ื‘ 1609, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
01:33
with an accuracy no one had before him.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•.
01:37
He found that the moon had craters and mountains,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื,
01:39
that Jupiter had moons of its own, and the whole system governing the earth and space was brought into question.
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ืฉืœืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื• ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืกืคืง.
01:47
Not everyone was thrilled with all the things Galileo saw though.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืจืื”.
01:50
For instance, it was taught at the time that the moon was a perfectly smooth sphere.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจื” ื—ืœืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:55
Yet here was visual proof that was awfully hard to discount.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืื™ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื›ื”.
02:00
Upon finding moons around Jupiter, he also verified what Johannes Kepler had surmised:
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ื›ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื“ืง, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ืฉืจืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ ื—ื–ื”:
02:07
that the earth was not the center of the universe,
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:10
dispelling another central dogma of Galileo's day.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•.
02:14
Then almost exactly a year after Galileo died,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืžืช,
02:17
Isaac Newton was born.
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ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“.
02:18
A lot that had been unknown was visible by now,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:22
but much of it was simply the foundation for further questions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:27
What was light anyway? And color, for that matter?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ? ื•ืฆื‘ืข, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
02:31
What were the laws that governed the earth, and the heavens?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื?
02:34
And could we capture them through keen observation?
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ื•ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
02:37
Newton experimented extensively with optics,
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:40
and came to understand light as something of substance,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:43
and colors as components of light at different frequencies.
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ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:47
Before Newton, people widely believed that the color was due to different amounts of light,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข ื ื‘ืข ืžื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
02:53
with red being lots of light, and blue being mostly dark.
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ืขื ืื“ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฉืš.
02:57
Newton's prism experiments showed that white light could not only be broken into its component colors with one prism,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื ืกืจื” ืื—ืช,
03:03
but that a second lens could recompose those colors back into white light again,
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ืืœื ืฉืขื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
03:08
thus showing that color was a matter of light's refraction rather than how light or dark it was.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื›ืžื” ื›ื”ื” ื”ื•ื.
03:14
Newton's studies of optics led to the development of the reflecting telescope.
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ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ.
03:18
This, together with his study of planetary motion, led to his theory of gravitation,
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ื–ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
03:23
one of the world's greatest examples of learning to see something invisible
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
03:28
by observing its effect on things that are visible.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื.
03:31
So fast forward a few hundred years, and here we stand.
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ืื– ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
03:35
We've evolved from a single lens to optics that reveal the birth of a star in another galaxy,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
03:40
or a child developing in the womb,
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ืื• ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืจื—ื,
03:43
or an electron whirling around an atom.
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ืื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืก ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื˜ื•ื.
03:46
At a time when so much is visible, how we see the world around us matters even more than what we see.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
03:53
Will we see a world where everything important has already been discovered?
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ื”ืื ื ืจืื” ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื”?
03:58
Or will we see one in which yesterday's discoveries are but a doorway to the breakthroughs of tomorrow?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื ืจืื” ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื“ืœืช ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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