How exposing anonymous companies could cut down on crime - Global Witness

666,787 views ใƒป 2015-12-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
For many of us,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:07
a typical day involves interactions with hundreds of companies.
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ื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
00:11
Buying their goods, using their services,
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ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
00:13
even wearing their names.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:15
Corporations and companies
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ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
00:16
have become such a familiar part of the modern landscape
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
00:19
that it's easy to forget they're artificial entities
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ืฉืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
00:22
created to allow real people to do business.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื.
00:26
But there are some types of companies
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
00:27
that aren't engaged in any business at all.
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ืฉืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:30
Instead, these anonymous companies
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
00:32
exist mainly to disguise people doing things
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:35
they'd rather not have the public know about.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:38
And these people go to great lengths to hide any links between their names
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื
00:41
and the companies they own.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื.
00:44
The life of an anonymous company
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืช
00:46
usually begins in what's known as a secrecy jurisdiction,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืกื•ื“ื™,
00:49
a place whose laws allow new companies to be registered
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฉื
00:52
with little disclosure about who owns or controls them.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
00:56
Some may simply not require collecting that information.
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ื—ืœืงื ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
00:59
Others may collect it,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
01:00
but make it nearly inaccessible to anyone else.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
01:03
And the lack of incentive to verify companies' real owners
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
01:06
makes it easy for people to cover their tracks.
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ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:09
For example, someone may register a company in the name of a relative,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
01:12
an associate,
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ืฉื•ืชืฃ,
01:13
or even a nominee director
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื”
01:15
who acts on instruction from the company's actual owner
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
01:19
while keeping their name confidential.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:21
Once registered, a company can do many of the same things as a human being,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืจืฉืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ,
01:25
like opening bank accounts,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง,
01:27
buying and owning assets,
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ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื,
01:28
and transferring money.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ.
01:30
What's more, it can be listed as the owner of other companies,
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ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:33
including ones opened in places with stricter disclosure rules.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:37
This allows someone to create a complex world-wide chain of ownership
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
01:42
that can take years to unravel.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
01:44
A company based in the U.S.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:45
may be wholly owned by another one in Liechtenstein,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:49
which is owned in turn by one in the British Virgin Islands.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:52
And an anonymous company can be transferred to a new owner at any time
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ
01:56
with no public record of the change.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืชืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
01:59
So why all the anonymity?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช?
02:01
Defenders of financial secrecy argue that wealthy individuals need it
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ืืœื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”
02:05
to avoid intrusive media attention
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื”
02:07
and threats to personal security.
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ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
02:09
But while this may sometimes be justified,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื,
02:11
anonymous companies play a role in almost every type of economic crime,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืฉืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
02:16
including many major corruption cases.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
02:18
They are used by corporations evading taxes,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžื™ืกื™ื,
02:21
rogue governments skirting sanctions,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืคื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช,
02:23
terrorists buying arms,
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ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืง,
02:25
and dictators financing wars.
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ื•ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
02:27
Organized crime groups launder their profits through anonymous companies.
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ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉืข ืžืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:31
Corrupt government officials award valuable contracts
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ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš
02:33
to corporations they secretly own.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™.
02:36
International oligarchs with criminal connections or questionable pasts
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ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง
02:40
have used anonymous companies to discretely buy luxury apartments
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”
02:44
in cities like London and New York City,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
02:46
keeping them as safe stores of wealth.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขื•ืฉืจ.
02:49
And even when criminals are convicted,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืขื™ื,
02:51
their anonymously held assets
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ืงืฉื” ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก
02:53
may be difficult for authorities to locate or seize,
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ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:56
making it harder for victims to be compensated.
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ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
03:00
Efforts are now underway to chip away at these crime-enabling mechanisms.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ื.
03:04
International authorities and NGOs
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ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
03:06
have called for requiring companies to state who ultimately makes their decisions
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ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ,
03:11
and benefits from their assets.
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ื•ืžื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:13
But while progress is being made,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
03:15
international cooperation has been difficult to achieve,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:18
as governments that profit from registering anonymous companies
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ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืจื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
03:21
are reluctant to lose business.
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ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืื‘ื“ ืขืกืงื™ื.
03:23
And some of the most popular places for this practice
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื”
03:25
are located not on remote, tropical tax shelters,
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ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืœื ืขืœ ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืžืก ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื,
03:29
but within the same advanced nations which claim to be leading the fight
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ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง
03:32
for global financial transparency.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
03:35
But still, it's a fight worth fighting.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ืœืžืขื ื•.
03:37
Closing the legal loopholes that enable anonymous companies
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ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
03:41
would help us cut down on corruption and illegal activity.
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
03:45
It would also allow us, as the general public,
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ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•, ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
03:47
to better understand the flow of enormous sums of money
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ
03:51
that impact politics, our daily lives, and the health of our world.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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