How exposing anonymous companies could cut down on crime - Global Witness

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2015-12-01 ・ TED-Ed


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How exposing anonymous companies could cut down on crime - Global Witness

667,345 views ・ 2015-12-01

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Nahn Ju Kim κ²€ν† : Jungmin Lee
00:06
For many of us,
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우리 쀑 λ§Žμ€ 이듀은
00:07
a typical day involves interactions with hundreds of companies.
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일상 μƒν™œμ—μ„œ 수백 개의 νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
Buying their goods, using their services,
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μ œν’ˆμ„ κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜κ³  μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³ 
00:13
even wearing their names.
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이름을 μ°©μš©ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
00:15
Corporations and companies
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κΈ°μ—…κ³Ό μΌλ°˜νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€
00:16
have become such a familiar part of the modern landscape
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ν˜„λŒ€ ν’κ²½μ˜ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ²˜λŸΌ λ˜μ–΄
00:19
that it's easy to forget they're artificial entities
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그듀이 μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 사업을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„
00:22
created to allow real people to do business.
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인곡적 μ‘°μ§μ΄λΌλŠ” 것을 잊기 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
But there are some types of companies
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ 사업도 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”
00:27
that aren't engaged in any business at all.
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νšŒμ‚¬λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:30
Instead, these anonymous companies
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λŒ€μ‹ , 이런 읡λͺ… νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€
00:32
exist mainly to disguise people doing things
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λŒ€μ€‘μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ¦¬κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ€ 일을 λͺ°λž˜ ν•˜λŠ” 이듀을
00:35
they'd rather not have the public know about.
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감좔기 μœ„ν•΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ£ .
00:38
And these people go to great lengths to hide any links between their names
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이듀은 μžμ‹ μ˜ 이름과 μ†Œμœ ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬ κ°„μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό
00:41
and the companies they own.
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감좔기 μœ„ν•΄ μ „λ ₯을 λ‹€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
The life of an anonymous company
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읡λͺ… νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 일생은
00:46
usually begins in what's known as a secrecy jurisdiction,
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보톡 'λΉ„λ°€ μ—­μ™Έ 지역'μ΄λž€ κ³³μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λŠ”λ°
00:49
a place whose laws allow new companies to be registered
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λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ μƒκΈ°μ—…μ˜ μ†Œμœ μ£Όλ‚˜ κ²½μ˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:52
with little disclosure about who owns or controls them.
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거의 κ³΅κ°œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„λ„ λ˜λŠ” κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
Some may simply not require collecting that information.
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μ–΄λ–€ 곳은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 그런 정보λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ³ 
00:59
Others may collect it,
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μ–΄λ–€ 곳은 μˆ˜μ§‘μ€ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:00
but make it nearly inaccessible to anyone else.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ ‘κ·Όν•  수 μ—†κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
And the lack of incentive to verify companies' real owners
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ‹€μ§ˆ μ†Œμœ μ£Όλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ„ μ–»λŠ” 게 μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆ
01:06
makes it easy for people to cover their tracks.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 흔적을 감좔기 μ’‹μ£ .
01:09
For example, someone may register a company in the name of a relative,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μΉœμ²™ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ 등둝할 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
01:12
an associate,
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직원, λ˜λŠ”
01:13
or even a nominee director
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μ‹€μ§ˆ μ†Œμœ μžμ—κ²Œ
01:15
who acts on instruction from the company's actual owner
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μ§€μ‹œ λ°›μ•„μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” 이사 후보도 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
while keeping their name confidential.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 이름은 κ°μΆ”λ©΄μ„œμš”.
01:21
Once registered, a company can do many of the same things as a human being,
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일단 λ“±λ‘λ˜λ©΄ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일을 μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
like opening bank accounts,
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은행 κ³„μ’Œλ₯Ό μ—΄κ³ 
01:27
buying and owning assets,
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μžμ‚°μ„ 사듀이고
01:28
and transferring money.
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λˆμ„ μ†‘κΈˆν•˜μ£ 
01:30
What's more, it can be listed as the owner of other companies,
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그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‹€λ₯Έ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ†Œμœ μ£Όλ‘œ 등둝할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
including ones opened in places with stricter disclosure rules.
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κ³΅κ°œμ— 더 μ—„κ²©ν•œ 지역에 μ„€λ¦½λœ νšŒμ‚¬λ„ μ†Œμœ ν•  수 있죠.
01:37
This allows someone to create a complex world-wide chain of ownership
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ†Œμœ  관계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 있게 되고
01:42
that can take years to unravel.
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λ°νžˆλŠ” 데 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
A company based in the U.S.
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미ꡭ에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬κ°€
01:45
may be wholly owned by another one in Liechtenstein,
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λ¦¬νžˆν…μŠˆνƒ€μΈμ— μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 100% μžνšŒμ‚¬μ΄κ³ 
01:49
which is owned in turn by one in the British Virgin Islands.
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κ·Έ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 또 영ꡭ령 버진 μ œλ„μ— μžˆλŠ” νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ†Œμœ μΈ 식이죠.
01:52
And an anonymous company can be transferred to a new owner at any time
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또 읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 외뢀에 κ³΅κ°œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
01:56
with no public record of the change.
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μ–Έμ œλ“  μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ„ 이전할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
So why all the anonymity?
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그럼 μ™œ 읡λͺ…성을 μ›ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:01
Defenders of financial secrecy argue that wealthy individuals need it
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μž¬μ • 비밀을 μ˜Ήν˜Έν•˜λŠ” 이듀은 λΆ€μžλ“€μ΄
02:05
to avoid intrusive media attention
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μ–Έλ‘ μ˜ κ³ΌλŒ€ν•œ 관심을 ν”Όν•˜κ³ 
02:07
and threats to personal security.
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개인의 μ•ˆμ „μ„ 지킀기 μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
But while this may sometimes be justified,
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이 말도 λ§žμ„ λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:11
anonymous companies play a role in almost every type of economic crime,
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읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” λŒ€ν˜• λΆ€νŒ¨ 사건 λ“±
02:16
including many major corruption cases.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  경제 범죄에 λ“±μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
They are used by corporations evading taxes,
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기업이 νƒˆμ„Έν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:21
rogue governments skirting sanctions,
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λΆ€νŒ¨ μ •λΆ€κ°€ 제재λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:23
terrorists buying arms,
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ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈκ°€ 무기λ₯Ό μ‚¬κ±°λ‚˜
02:25
and dictators financing wars.
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ „μŸ μžκΈˆμ„ λ§ˆλ ¨ν•  λ•Œμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:27
Organized crime groups launder their profits through anonymous companies.
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범죄 쑰직은 읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό 톡해 μˆ˜μ΅κΈˆμ„ μ„Ένƒν•˜κ³ 
02:31
Corrupt government officials award valuable contracts
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λΆ€νŒ¨ μ •λΆ€ κ΄€λ£Œλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ λͺ°λž˜ μ†Œμœ ν•œ 기업을 톡해
02:33
to corporations they secretly own.
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거금의 계약을 λ”°λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
International oligarchs with criminal connections or questionable pasts
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범죄에 μ—°λ£¨λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ³Όκ±°κ°€ μ˜μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ ꡭ제적 λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ€
02:40
have used anonymous companies to discretely buy luxury apartments
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읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λŸ°λ˜μ΄λ‚˜ λ‰΄μš• 같은 λ„μ‹œμ—
02:44
in cities like London and New York City,
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κ³ κΈ‰ μ•„νŒŒνŠΈλ₯Ό λͺ°λž˜ 사죠.
02:46
keeping them as safe stores of wealth.
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μž¬μ‚°μ„ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μΆ•μ²™ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
02:49
And even when criminals are convicted,
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λ²”μ£„μžλ“€μ΄ κΈ°μ†ŒλΌλ„
02:51
their anonymously held assets
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읡λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œμœ ν•œ μžμ‚°μ€
02:53
may be difficult for authorities to locate or seize,
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당ꡭ이 μΆ”μ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ••λ₯˜ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μ›Œ
02:56
making it harder for victims to be compensated.
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ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ΄ 보상받기 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Efforts are now underway to chip away at these crime-enabling mechanisms.
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이런 범죄λ₯Ό μ‘°μž₯ν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ—†μ• λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
International authorities and NGOs
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ꡭ제 κΈ°κ΄€κ³Ό 비정뢀단체듀은
03:06
have called for requiring companies to state who ultimately makes their decisions
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ΅œμ’… 결정을 λˆ„κ°€ 내리고 μžμ‚° μ†Œλ“μ„ λˆ„κ°€ κ°–λŠ”μ§€
03:11
and benefits from their assets.
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곡개λ₯Ό μ˜λ¬΄ν™”ν•˜λ„λ‘ μš”κ΅¬ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
But while progress is being made,
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진척은 이뀄지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:15
international cooperation has been difficult to achieve,
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ꡭ제적 ν˜‘λ ₯은 쉽지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
as governments that profit from registering anonymous companies
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읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό 등둝해 λˆμ„ λ²„λŠ” λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 정뢀듀이
03:21
are reluctant to lose business.
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μˆ˜μž…μ„ μžƒκΈ° μ‹«μ–΄ν•΄μ„œμš”.
03:23
And some of the most popular places for this practice
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이런 일을 κ°€μž₯ 많이 ν•˜λŠ” κ³³ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ”
03:25
are located not on remote, tropical tax shelters,
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멀리떨어진 μ—΄λŒ€ μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ‘°μ„Έ νšŒν”Όμ²˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:29
but within the same advanced nations which claim to be leading the fight
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세계 μž¬μ • 투λͺ…성을 μœ„ν•œ 싸움을 μ΄λˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ”
03:32
for global financial transparency.
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선진ꡭ 쀑에도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
But still, it's a fight worth fighting.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ 지속해야 ν•  μ‹Έμ›€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
Closing the legal loopholes that enable anonymous companies
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읡λͺ…μ˜ νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•˜λŠ” λ²•μ˜ ν—ˆμ μ„ μ—†μ•°μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:41
would help us cut down on corruption and illegal activity.
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λΆ€νŒ¨μ™€ λΆˆλ²• ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ·Όμ ˆν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
It would also allow us, as the general public,
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λ˜ν•œ λŒ€μ€‘μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
03:47
to better understand the flow of enormous sums of money
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μ •μΉ˜μ™€ 일상, 우리 μ„Έμƒμ˜ 건강함에 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜λŠ”
03:51
that impact politics, our daily lives, and the health of our world.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 돈의 흐름을 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

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