How often should you get a flu shot? - Melvin Sanicas

955,507 views ใƒป 2017-11-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
All year long, researchers at hundreds of hospitals around the world
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:12
collect samples from flu patients
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ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉืคืขืช
00:15
and send them to top virology experts with one goal:
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช:
00:19
to design the vaccine for the next flu season.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
00:23
But why do we need a new one every year?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”?
00:26
Vaccines for diseases like mumps and rubella offer a lifetime of protection
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืจืช ื•ืื“ืžืช ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
00:30
with two shots early in life.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช.
00:33
What's so special about the flu?
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ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืคืขืช?
00:36
Two factors make the flu a tough target.
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ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืงืฉื”.
00:39
First, there are more than 100 subtypes of the influenza virus,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 100 ืชืช-ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
00:44
and the ones in circulation change from season to season.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ื ื”.
00:48
And second, the flu's genetic code allows it to mutate more quickly
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:52
than many other viruses.
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ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:54
The flu spreads by turning a host's own cells into viral production factories.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื— ืœืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื.
01:00
When the virus is engulfed by a host cell, it expels its genetic material,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื ืขื˜ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืžืืจื—, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•,
01:05
which makes its way to the nucleus.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื.
01:07
There, cellular machinery that normally copies the host's genes
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ืฉื, ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—
01:11
starts replicating viral genes instead,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
01:14
creating more and more copies of the virus.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
01:18
New viruses are repackaged and crammed into the cell until it bursts,
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ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืืจื–ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ,
01:23
sending freshly minted influenza viruses out to infect additional cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ื ื’ื™ืคื™ ืฉืคืขืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:29
Most viruses follow this script.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
01:31
The trick with the flu is that its genetic material isn't DNA
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื• DNA,
01:35
but a similar compound called RNA.
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ืืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื RNA.
01:39
And RNA viruses can mutate much faster.
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ื•ื ื’ื™ืคื™ RNA ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
01:44
When cells synthesize DNA,
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ืžืกื ืชื–ื™ื DNA,
01:46
a built-in proofreader recognizes and corrects mistakes,
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช,
01:50
but the RNA synthesis mechanism doesn't have this fail-safe.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”-RNA ืื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœ-ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:54
If errors creep in, they stick around creating new variants of the virus.
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ืื ืžืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
02:00
Why is this a problem?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”?
02:01
Because vaccines depend on recognition.
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ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
02:04
The flu vaccine includes some of the same substances, called antigens,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื,
02:09
found on the surface of the virus itself.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:12
The body identifies those fragments as foreign
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื–ืจื™ื
02:15
and responds by producing compounds called antibodies,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
02:19
tailor-made to match the antigens.
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ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื.
02:22
When a vaccinated person encounters the actual virus,
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•,
02:25
the preprogrammed antibodies help the immune system identify the threat
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืžืจืืฉ, ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื,
02:29
and mobilize quickly to prevent an infection.
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ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
02:33
Those antigens are different for every strain of influenza.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช.
02:37
If vaccination has prepared the immune system for one strain,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื–ืŸ ืื—ื“,
02:41
a different one may still be able to sneak by.
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ื–ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืžื”ื.
02:44
Even within the same strain of flu,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช,
02:47
those rapid genetic mutations can change the surface compounds enough
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:51
that the antibodies may not recognize them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื.
02:55
To make things even more complicated,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ืš ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:57
sometimes two different strains combine to create an entirely new hybrid virus.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:03
All of this makes vaccinating for the flu
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืขืช
03:06
like trying to hit a moving transforming target.
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ืœืงืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื ืขื”.
03:10
That's why scientists are constantly collecting data
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข
03:12
about which strains are circulating
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ืขืœ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื
03:15
and checking to see how much those strains have mutated
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ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ื•
03:17
from previous years' versions.
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ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
03:20
Twice annually, the World Health Organization pulls together experts
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ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
03:24
to analyze all that data,
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ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:26
holding one meeting for each hemisphere.
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ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:29
The scientists determine which strains to include in that season's vaccine,
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื”,
03:33
picking four for the quadrivalent vaccine in use today.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
03:38
In spite of the flu's evasive maneuvers,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
03:40
in recent years, the group's predictions have been almost always correct.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“.
03:45
Even when flu strains mutate further, the vaccine is often close enough
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:50
that a vaccinated person who catches the flu anyway
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืขืช
03:53
will have a milder and shorter illness than they would otherwise.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืœื ื—ื•ืกื ื•.
03:58
Vaccination also helps protect other people in the community
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”
04:01
who may not be medically eligible for the shot
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:04
by preventing those around them from carrying the virus.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
04:07
This is called herd immunity.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืจ.
04:09
The flu shot can't give you the flu.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉืคืขืช.
04:12
It contains an inactivated virus that isn't capable of making you sick.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืœื ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
04:16
You might feel tired and achy after getting it,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:19
but that's not an infection.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
04:20
It's your normal immune response to the vaccine.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
04:23
Some parts of the world use, instead of a shot, an inhaled vaccine
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื”,
04:27
that contains a weakened live virus.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ.
04:30
This is also safe for the vast majority of people.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:35
Only those with impaired immune systems would be at risk,
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ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:38
but they're typically not given live vaccines.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™.
04:41
Meanwhile, scientists are working to develop a universal flu vaccine
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™
04:45
that would protect against any strain, even mutated ones.
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ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
04:49
But until then, the hunt for next year's vaccine is on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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