Why are fish fish-shaped? - Lauren Sallan

606,512 views ใƒป 2018-04-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In tropical seas,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
00:08
flying fish leap out of the water,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืžื–ื ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื,
00:09
gliding for up to 200 meters using wing-like fins,
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ื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืขื“ 200 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื,
00:13
before dipping back into the sea.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื.
00:16
In the Indo-Pacific,
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ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื• ืคืกื™ืคื™,
00:17
a hunting sailfish can reach speeds of 110 kilometers per hour.
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ืžืคืจืฉืŸ ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 110 ืงืž"ืฉ.
00:22
Thatโ€™s 11 times faster than Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps.
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ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ 11 ืžืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืœืคืก.
00:26
It can then stick up its spiny dorsal fin like a brake,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื,
00:30
grinding to a dead halt, mid-swim.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื—ื™ื”.
00:34
Each of these physical feats is made possible by a fishโ€™s form,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:38
which in most species is a smooth, elongated body, fins, and a tail.
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื—ืœืง, ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื ื‘.
00:44
These features are shared across thousands of fish species,
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:48
each introducing its own variations on the theme to survive in unique habitats.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:54
What makes these features so commonplace in fish,
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:57
and what does it reveal about the more than 33,000 fish species
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 33,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
01:01
that inhabit earthโ€™s rivers, lakes, and seas?
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ืฉืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื?
01:05
Fish can be split into two main groups,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช,
01:07
according to the type of motion they favor.
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ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:10
The first is body and caudal fin driven motion,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื–ื ื‘,
01:13
and most fish species, about 85%, fall into this group.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจืš 85%, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:19
Here, the body and tail are the primary propelling forces,
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ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
01:22
with fins mainly playing a stabilizing and steering role.
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ืขื ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™.
01:26
This configuration suits many open-water species,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
01:29
which need speed, thrust and control for constant, efficient swimming.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื—ืฃ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉื—ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
01:34
Eels lie at one extreme of this group.
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:37
Known as anguilliform swimmers,
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื™ื,
01:39
their entire bodies undulate to generate a wave-like motion.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื™ืฆืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื’ืœ.
01:45
Compared to anguilliform fish,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื,
01:47
species like salmon and trout, known as subcarangiforms,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืชืช ืงืจื ื’ื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื,
01:51
use about two-thirds of their body mass to generate motion,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžืืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
01:54
while carangiform swimmers, such as mackerel,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ ืงืจื ื’ื™ืคื•ืจื, ื›ืžื• ืžืงืจืœ,
01:57
only use about a third.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ.
01:59
Typically, the less of its mass a fish uses to generate motion,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืกืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
02:02
the more streamlined its shape.
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ื›ืš ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืจืžืช.
02:07
At the other end of the spectrum from eels are ostraciiform species like boxfish,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืžื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืกื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ ืงื•ืคืกื”,
02:13
and thunniform swimmers like tuna.
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ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ื ื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื ื”.
02:15
In these fish, the tails, also known as caudal fins, do the work.
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ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื–ื ื‘, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ื–ื ื‘, ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:21
A tunaโ€™s tail is attached by tendons to multiple muscles in its body.
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ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:25
It powers the body like an engine,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืข,
02:28
forcefully catapulting the bullet-like fish
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ืžืื™ืฅ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
02:30
to speeds up to 69 kilometers per hour.
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ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ 69 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื”.
02:35
The second major fish group relies on median and paired fin motion,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
02:39
meaning theyโ€™re propelled through the water predominantly by their fins.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:43
Fins allow fine-tuned movement at slow speeds,
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ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
02:47
so this propulsion is typically found in fish
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื
02:49
that have to navigate complex habitats.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
02:52
Bottom-dwelling fishes, like rays, fall into this group;
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื™ืกื ื™ื•ืช, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•;
02:55
using their huge pectoral fins, they can lift themselves swiftly off the sea floor.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
03:01
That conveniently allows them to inhabit shallow seas
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืื›ืœืก ื™ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื
03:03
without being buffeted about by waves.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœื™ื.
03:06
Similarly, shallow-water flatfish use their entire bodies
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
03:10
as one big fin to hoist themselves up off the sand.
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ื›ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ื—ื•ืœ.
03:15
Ocean sunfish lack tails,
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ืœื“ื’ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช,
03:17
so they move around slowly by beating their wing-like median fins instead.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื—ืช ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
03:22
Similar movements are shared by many reef species,
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:25
like the queen angelfish,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™,
03:27
surgeonfish,
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ื”ื‘ืชืจื ื™ื™ื,
03:28
and wrasse.
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ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ืช.
03:30
Their focus on fins has taken the demand off their bodies,
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:33
many of which have consequently evolved into unusual and inventive shapes.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:39
There are fishes within both groups that seem to be outliers.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
03:44
But if you look closer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:45
youโ€™ll notice that these common traits are disguised.
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ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ื—ื‘ืื•ืช.
03:48
Seahorses, for instance, donโ€™t appear fish-shaped in any conventional way,
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ืกื•ืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
03:52
yet they use their flexible dorsal fins as makeshift tails.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช.
03:57
A pufferfish may occasionally look more like a lethal balloon,
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ืื‘ื• ื ืคื—ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™,
04:00
but if it needs to swim rapidly, itโ€™ll retract its spines.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื•.
04:04
Handfish look like they have legs,
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ื—ื›ืื™ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
04:06
but really these limb-like structures are fins,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื,
04:10
modified to help them amble across the sea floor.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืœืš ืœืื™ื˜ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
04:14
For fish, motion underpins survival,
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ืœื“ื’ื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
04:17
so itโ€™s become a huge evolutionary driver of form.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื ื™ืข ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
04:21
The widespread features of fish have been maintained
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื•
04:24
across tens of thousands of fish species,
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื,
04:26
not to mention other ocean-dwelling animals,
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ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
04:29
like penguins,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
04:30
dolphins,
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
04:31
sea slugs,
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ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื,
04:32
and squids.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
04:33
And thatโ€™s precisely because theyโ€™ve proven so successful.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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