Why are fish fish-shaped? - Lauren Sallan

616,143 views ・ 2018-04-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Won Jang κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
In tropical seas,
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μ—΄λŒ€μ§€λ°©μ˜ λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ
00:08
flying fish leap out of the water,
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λ‚ μΉ˜λ“€μ€ λ¬Όμ—μ„œ νŠ€μ–΄μ˜¬λΌ
00:09
gliding for up to 200 meters using wing-like fins,
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λ‚ κ°œμ²˜λŸΌ 생긴 μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 200mκΉŒμ§€ λ‚ μ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
before dipping back into the sea.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” 바닀에 λ‹€μ‹œ λ›°μ–΄λ“€μ§€μš”.
00:16
In the Indo-Pacific,
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μΈλ„νƒœν‰μ–‘ν•΄μ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ”
00:17
a hunting sailfish can reach speeds of 110 kilometers per hour.
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μ²­μƒˆμΉ˜λŠ” 사λƒ₯ ν•  λ•Œμ— μ‹œμ† 110kmκΉŒμ§€ λ„λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
That’s 11 times faster than Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps.
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μ΄λŠ” μ˜¬λ¦Όν”½ μˆ˜μ˜μ±”ν”Όμ–Έ 마이클 νŽ ν”„μŠ€λ³΄λ‹€ 11λ°°λ‚˜ λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
It can then stick up its spiny dorsal fin like a brake,
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ°€μ‹œ 달린 λ“±μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό 브레이크처럼 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:30
grinding to a dead halt, mid-swim.
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κΈ‰ν•˜κ²Œ 속도λ₯Ό 쀄인 λ’€ λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜€μ§€μš”.
00:34
Each of these physical feats is made possible by a fish’s form,
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이런 기둝듀이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것은 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 특유의 ν˜•νƒœ λ•λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
which in most species is a smooth, elongated body, fins, and a tail.
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이듀은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ 쒅듀보닀 λΆ€λ“œλŸ½κ³ , κ°€λŠ˜κ³  κΈ΄ λͺΈ, μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έμ™€ 꼬리λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ§€μš”.
00:44
These features are shared across thousands of fish species,
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이런 νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ²œμ’…μ˜ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
each introducing its own variations on the theme to survive in unique habitats.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„œμ‹μ§€μ— μ μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 각자만의 λ³€ν˜•λœ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ§€μš”.
00:54
What makes these features so commonplace in fish,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 물고기듀이 κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 이런 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:57
and what does it reveal about the more than 33,000 fish species
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 3만 3μ²œμ’…μ΄ λ„˜λŠ”
01:01
that inhabit earth’s rivers, lakes, and seas?
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ κ°•κ³Ό ν˜Έμˆ˜μ™€ 바닀에 μ‚¬λŠ” 물고기에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 무엇을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:05
Fish can be split into two main groups,
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μ–΄λ₯˜λŠ” 크게 두 그룹으둜
01:07
according to the type of motion they favor.
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이듀이 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ ν˜•νƒœμ— 따라 λΆ„λ₯˜ν•  수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
01:10
The first is body and caudal fin driven motion,
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첫 번째 그룹은 λͺΈν†΅κ³Ό κΌ¬λ¦¬μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
and most fish species, about 85%, fall into this group.
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그리고 λŒ€λž΅ 85%에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•΄λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 물고기듀이 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Here, the body and tail are the primary propelling forces,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λͺΈκ³Ό 꼬리가 주된 좔진λ ₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£Όμ§€μš”.
01:22
with fins mainly playing a stabilizing and steering role.
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μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ“€μ€ 주둜 κ· ν˜•μ΄λ‚˜ λ°©ν–₯을 μž‘λŠ” μ—­ν• λ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
This configuration suits many open-water species,
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이런 ν˜•νƒœλŠ” 외해역에 μ‚¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ ν•©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
which need speed, thrust and control for constant, efficient swimming.
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이듀은 μΌμ •ν•˜κ³  효율적인 이동을 μœ„ν•΄ 속도, μΆ”λ ₯, ν†΅μ œλ ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:34
Eels lie at one extreme of this group.
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μž₯μ–΄λ“€ 이 그룹의 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ“€ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ 극단적인 μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Known as anguilliform swimmers,
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λ±€μž₯μ–΄μ²˜λŸΌ ν—€μ—„μΉ˜λŠ” μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜λŠ” 이듀은
01:39
their entire bodies undulate to generate a wave-like motion.
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λͺΈμ „체가 물결처럼 μ›€μ§μ—¬μ„œ 마치 νŒŒλ„ 같은 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:45
Compared to anguilliform fish,
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λ±€μž₯μ–΄ν˜•κ³Ό λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ
01:47
species like salmon and trout, known as subcarangiforms,
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λ°˜μ „κ°±μ΄ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜λŠ” 연어와 솑어같은 쒅듀은
01:51
use about two-thirds of their body mass to generate motion,
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λͺΈμ˜ μ‚ΌλΆ„μ˜ 이 정도λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 좔진λ ₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
while carangiform swimmers, such as mackerel,
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반면 고등어와 같은 μ „κ°±μ΄ν˜• 물고기듀은
01:57
only use about a third.
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λͺΈμ˜ 1/3λ§Œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Typically, the less of its mass a fish uses to generate motion,
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일반적으둜 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ νž˜μ„ λ‚Ό λ•Œ λͺΈμ˜ 적은 뢀뢄을 μ‚¬μš© ν• μˆ˜λ‘
02:02
the more streamlined its shape.
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더 μœ μ„ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
At the other end of the spectrum from eels are ostraciiform species like boxfish,
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μž₯μ–΄λ“€κ³Ό μ •λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ κ·Ήλ‹¨μ—λŠ” κ±°λΆλ³΅ν˜• μˆ˜μ˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 코거뢁볡어와
02:13
and thunniform swimmers like tuna.
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λ‹€λž‘μ–΄ν˜• μˆ˜μ˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ°ΈμΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
In these fish, the tails, also known as caudal fins, do the work.
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이런 μ–΄λ₯˜λ“€μ€ κΌ¬λ¦¬μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 좔진λ ₯을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
A tuna’s tail is attached by tendons to multiple muscles in its body.
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참치의 κΌ¬λ¦¬λŠ” νž˜μ€„μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λͺΈμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 근윑과 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 있으며
02:25
It powers the body like an engine,
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마치 μ—”μ§„μ²˜λŸΌ λͺΈμ— νž˜μ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜μ—¬
02:28
forcefully catapulting the bullet-like fish
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄μ•Œμ²˜λŸΌ μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΉœμ§€μΌœμ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
to speeds up to 69 kilometers per hour.
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덕뢄에 μ‹œμ† 69kmκΉŒμ§€ 도달할 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:35
The second major fish group relies on median and paired fin motion,
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두 번째 λΆ„λ₯˜μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” 물고기듀은 λͺΈν†΅μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έμ™€ μŒμ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
meaning they’re propelled through the water predominantly by their fins.
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이듀이 주둜 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ¬Όμ†μ—μ„œ 좔진λ ₯을 μ–»μ–΄λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:43
Fins allow fine-tuned movement at slow speeds,
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μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ“€μ€ 물고기듀이 느린 μ†λ„μ—μ„œ μ •ν™•ν•œ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν•  수 있게 λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
so this propulsion is typically found in fish
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이런 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 좔진λ ₯을 μ–»λŠ” 물고기듀은
02:49
that have to navigate complex habitats.
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일반적으둜 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ„œμ‹μ§€μ—μ„œ μ›€μ§μ—¬μ•Όν•˜λŠ” λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Bottom-dwelling fishes, like rays, fall into this group;
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κ°€μ˜€λ¦¬μ™€ 같이 해저면에 μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ₯˜λ“€μ΄ 여기에 μ†ν•˜μ§€μš”.
02:55
using their huge pectoral fins, they can lift themselves swiftly off the sea floor.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μŠ΄μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ“€μ€ 이듀이 ν•΄μ €λ©΄μ—μ„œ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
That conveniently allows them to inhabit shallow seas
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덕뢄에 이듀은 νŽΈμ•ˆν•˜κ²Œ 얕은 λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ μ„œμ‹ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
03:03
without being buffeted about by waves.
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νŒŒλ„μ— νœ©μ“Έλ¦΄ 일이 μ—†μ§€μš”.
03:06
Similarly, shallow-water flatfish use their entire bodies
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ 얕은물에 μ‚¬λŠ” κ°€μžλ―Έλ“€λ„ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λͺΈ 전체λ₯Ό
03:10
as one big fin to hoist themselves up off the sand.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 큰 μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έμ²˜λŸΌ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ λͺ¨λž˜λ°”λ‹₯μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ˜¬λΌμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Ocean sunfish lack tails,
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κ°œλ³΅μΉ˜λ“€μ€ 꼬리가 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:17
so they move around slowly by beating their wing-like median fins instead.
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λ‚ κ°œμ²˜λŸΌ 생긴 λͺΈν†΅μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό νŽ„λŸ­κ±°λ¦¬λ©° 천천히 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
Similar movements are shared by many reef species,
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μ•”μ΄ˆμ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 쒅듀이 이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
like the queen angelfish,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ μ—¬μ™•μ‹ μ„ λ”μ΄λ‚˜
03:27
surgeonfish,
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검은 μ₯μΉ˜,
03:28
and wrasse.
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λ†€λž˜λ―Έκ³Όκ°€ ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜μ§€μš”.
03:30
Their focus on fins has taken the demand off their bodies,
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μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έμ— μ§‘μ€‘ν•œλ•μ— λͺΈμ—λŠ” 뢀담이 적어지고
03:33
many of which have consequently evolved into unusual and inventive shapes.
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이듀 쀑 λ§Žμ€ 쒅듀이 νŠΉμ΄ν•˜κ³  독창적인 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ§„ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
There are fishes within both groups that seem to be outliers.
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μ–΄λ–€ 물고기듀은 두 κ·Έλ£Ή 쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 곳에도 μ†ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
03:44
But if you look closer,
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μžμ„Ένžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄
03:45
you’ll notice that these common traits are disguised.
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이런 곡톡적인 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— μˆ¨κ²¨μ ΈμžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œκ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Seahorses, for instance, don’t appear fish-shaped in any conventional way,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ ν•΄λ§ˆλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보아도 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° ν˜•νƒœλ‘œλŠ” 보이지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
03:52
yet they use their flexible dorsal fins as makeshift tails.
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이듀도 μœ μ—°ν•œ λ“±μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έλ₯Ό μΌμ’…μ˜ 꼬리처럼 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
A pufferfish may occasionally look more like a lethal balloon,
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볡어듀은 λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ κ²½μš°μ— μœ„ν—˜ν•œ ν’μ„ μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:00
but if it needs to swim rapidly, it’ll retract its spines.
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν—€μ—„μ³μ•Όν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” κ°€μ‹œλ“€μ„ 집어넣을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Handfish look like they have legs,
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ν•Έλ“œν”Όμ‰¬λ“€μ€ 마치 닀리λ₯Ό 가진 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ
04:06
but really these limb-like structures are fins,
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사싀 이 λ‹€λ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ 생긴 뢀뢄은 μ§€λŠλŸ¬λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
modified to help them amble across the sea floor.
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이듀이 ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ„ 기어닀닐 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ³€ν˜•λœ ν˜•νƒœμ΄μ§€μš”.
04:14
For fish, motion underpins survival,
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ“€μ—κ²Œμžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ›€μ§μž„μ€ 생쑴과 μ§κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
so it’s become a huge evolutionary driver of form.
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이것이 ν˜•νƒœ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 주된 원동λ ₯이 λ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:21
The widespread features of fish have been maintained
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ“€μ˜ 이런 보편적인 νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ€
04:24
across tens of thousands of fish species,
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λͺ‡ λ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μœ μ§€λ˜μ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
not to mention other ocean-dwelling animals,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•΄μ–‘ 생λͺ…μ²΄λ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ΄μ§€μš”.
04:29
like penguins,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ νŽ­κ·„μ΄λ‚˜
04:30
dolphins,
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돌고래
04:31
sea slugs,
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λ°”λ‹€ λ‹¬νŒ½μ΄
04:32
and squids.
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μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
And that’s precisely because they’ve proven so successful.
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이 νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄λΌλŠ” λœ»μ΄μ§€μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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