Biodiesel: The afterlife of oil - Natascia Radice

1,064,729 views ใƒป 2014-01-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Just a minute ago,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข,
00:08
this oil helped make a delicious meal possible.
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ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื”.
00:11
But now, it's just some nasty goop.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืจืง ืขืจืžืช ื’'ื™ืคื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœื”.
00:13
What should we do with it?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื–ื”?
00:15
Well, the easiest thing would be
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ื™ื”ื™ื”
00:16
to pour it down the drain;
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ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘;
00:17
that makes it seem like it's gone,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื,
00:19
but it's not really gone.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืœื.
00:20
Instead, it's collecting bits of food
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
00:22
and other random stuff,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:24
producing monstrous, greasy blockages
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช
00:26
that clog not only your own drain
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ืฉืกื•ืชืžื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
00:28
but entire sewage systems,
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ืืœื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
00:30
causing flooding and pollution.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
00:33
Many places have laws for proper disposal of grease,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
00:36
but we can go one step further.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:39
Instead of just throwing it away safely,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืชื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
00:41
we can turn it into something useful.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
00:43
And if you're wondering
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื
00:44
what anyone could possibly want
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ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช
00:45
with a bunch of digusting, used cooking oil,
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ืžื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ื•ืžื’ืขื™ืœ,
00:47
the answer is: biodiesel.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
00:50
You've probably heard of diesel engines.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
00:52
They power farming and construction equipment,
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ื”ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:54
trucks, buses, ships, trains, backup generators,
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ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืื ื™ื•ืช, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
00:58
and even some cars.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:59
Most of the fuel that feeds these engines
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:01
is refined from petroleum,
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ืžื–ื•ืงืง ืžื ืคื˜,
01:03
which comes from long-dead dinosaurs
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžื–ืžืŸ
01:05
and other ancient fossils.
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ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:07
But diesel fuel can also be derived from
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืœืง ื“ื™ื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื
01:09
more recently-dead organisms,
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ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:10
like plants and animals.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:12
And this type of fuel is what we call biodiesel.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
01:14
Biodiesel is a biodegradable energy source,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื™ื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:18
made from plant oils or animal fats,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืžื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:20
that can usually be burned in regular diesel engines.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
01:23
You guessed it,
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ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:24
it's the 'bio' version of diesel.
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ื–ื• ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
01:26
It's cleaner than normal diesel,
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ื–ื” ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
01:28
so there has been a push to generate it
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•
01:30
from crops like soybeans.
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ืžื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื™ื”.
01:32
Now, growing plants for fuel,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื’ื“ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ืœืง,
01:33
instead of food, comes with its own problems.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
01:36
But fortunately, we already have some oils and fats right here.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื.
01:40
Preparing your used cooking grease for recycling
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ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
01:42
is easy.
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ื–ื” ืงืœ.
01:43
First, let it cool down to room temperature.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
01:46
Then, transfer it to a clean container.
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ืื–, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื ืงื™.
01:48
You can use any old bottles you have lying around,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
01:50
like milk jugs,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื ืงื ื™ ื—ืœื‘,
01:51
as long as they're completely empty,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:53
rinsed, and dried.
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ืฉื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
01:54
Use a funnel to avoid spills
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืคืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื
01:56
and a sieve to filter out any small food particles.
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ื•ืกื ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
01:59
You can even add bacon grease
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ืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ
02:01
and other animal fats
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™
02:02
or the excess oil from canned food,
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ืื• ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืžืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ืžืจ,
02:03
like tuna or sardines,
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื ื” ืื• ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื,
02:05
just make sure it's really oil and not brine.
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ืจืง ืชื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื™ ืžืœื—.
02:08
So, what happens now that your oil is safely contained?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”?
02:11
Well, many cities have recycling services
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
02:13
that will pick up large amounts of grease
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ืฉื™ืืกืคื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ
02:15
from restaurants and other establishments.
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ืžืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:17
But there are locations
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
02:18
where individuals can drop off their containers, as well.
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ืืœื™ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:21
All of this grease will end up at a processing plant,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืคืขืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
02:24
where it can be converted to useable biodiesel.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ื• ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
02:27
How does this conversion work?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
02:29
Well, all these oils and fats you donated
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืชืจืžืชื
02:31
are made up of triglycerides,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื“ื™ื,
02:33
a glycerol molecule connected to
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช
02:35
three fatty acid chains.
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
02:37
To convert fats to fuel,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื“ืœืง,
02:38
they react with an alcohol,
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
02:40
usually methanol or ethanol,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืื ื•ืœ ืื• ืืชื ื•ืœ,
02:42
which produces long-chain esters and glycerol.
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ืฉืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ.
02:45
To compare, here are some molecules
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ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
02:47
of regular diesel fuel.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:49
Now, here are the molecules we created
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื•
02:51
by breaking apart the triglycerides.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื“ื™ื.
02:53
Glycerol is the odd man out,
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ื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
02:55
so it's removed at the end of the process.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ืœืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
02:57
But look at these esters!
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”!
02:59
If you squint, their structures look pretty similar
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ืื ืชืฆืžืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื
03:01
to those of the long-chain hydrocarbons in regular diesel.
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ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:05
And diesel engines, with a few small modifications,
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ื•ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ, ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื,
03:08
can also be made to squint
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื"
03:10
and burn these esters like regular diesel fuel.
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ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืง ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:14
Et voila! Biodiesel.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื! ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื™ื–ืœ.
03:16
Now, you might be wondering whether all this hassle
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:18
over recycling used cooking oil
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ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ
03:20
is even worth it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
03:21
After all, how much energy can it possibly generate?
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ?
03:24
Well, if all the grease that New Yorkers throw away in one day
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
03:28
were converted to jet fuel,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžืจ ืœื“ืœืง ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™,
03:30
it would be enough to power several hundred flights
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช
03:33
from New York to Los Angeles.
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ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก.
03:35
And let's not forget that using waste oil
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ
03:37
instead of burning more fossil fuels
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
03:39
will limit our negative effects on the environment.
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ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:43
Recycling used cooking grease
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉ
03:44
turns goop into good.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ื’'ื™ืคื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
03:46
By contributing a little bit,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”,
03:48
individuals and businesses can help create
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
03:49
an alternative, stable source of diesel oil,
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื“ื™ื–ืœ,
03:52
while protecting the environment
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:53
and keeping our cities cleaner.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:55
And that's pretty slick.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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