How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson

867,321 views ใƒป 2015-02-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
What if you could absorb another organism
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ืจ
00:09
and take on its abilities?
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•?
00:11
Imagine you swallowed a small bird and suddenly gained the ability to fly.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืœืขืชื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ.
00:16
Or if you engulfed a cobra
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ืื• ืื ื˜ืจืคืชื ืงื•ื‘ืจื”
00:18
and were then able to spit poisonous venom from your teeth.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืืจืก ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:23
Throughout the history of life,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:25
specifically during the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:29
things like this happened all the time.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:33
One organism absorbed another,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“ ืกืคื’ ืื—ืจ,
00:35
and they united to become a new organism with the combined abilities of both.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
00:42
We think that around 2 billion years ago,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:44
the only living organisms on Earth were prokaryotes,
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื,
00:48
single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืœื ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”.
00:54
Let's look closely at just three of them.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื.
00:57
One was a big, simple blob-like cell
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืŸ
01:00
with the ability to absorb things by wrapping its cell membrane around them.
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืคืชื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื.
01:06
Another was a bacterial cell
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ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืชื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™
01:07
that converted solar energy into sugar molecules through photosynthesis.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
01:13
A third used oxygen gas to break down materials like sugar
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจ
01:18
and release its energy into a form useful for life activities.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:23
The blob cells would occasionally absorb the little photosynthetic bacteria.
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ืชืื™ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื™ืช.
01:29
These bacteria then lived inside the blob and divided like they always had,
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ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืงื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืชื”,
01:34
but their existence became linked.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื”ืคืš ืœืงืฉื•ืจ.
01:37
If you stumbled upon this living arrangement,
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ืื ื ืชืงืœืชื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
01:39
you might just think that the whole thing was one organism,
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ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“,
01:43
that the green photosynthetic bacteria were just a part of the blob
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ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื˜ื–ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ
01:47
that performed one of its life functions,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:50
just like your heart is a part of you
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื
01:52
that performs the function of pumping your blood.
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื.
01:56
This process of cells living together is called endosymbiosis,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื ืงืจื ืื ื“ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”,
02:00
one organism living inside another.
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื—ืจ.
02:04
But the endosymbiosis didn't stop there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื“ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืคื”.
02:06
What would happen if the other bacteria moved in, too?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื’ื?
02:10
Now the cells of this species started becoming highly complex.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:14
They were big and full of intricate structures
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
02:17
that we call chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”.
02:21
These structures work together to harness sunlight,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:24
make sugar,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ืจ,
02:25
and break down that sugar using the oxygen
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ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
02:27
that right around this time started to appear in the Earth's atmosphere.
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:32
Organisms absorbing other organisms
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:34
was one way species adapted to the changing environmental conditions
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ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
02:39
of their surroundings.
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ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
02:41
This little story highlights what biologists call the endosymbiotic theory,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืกืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”,
02:45
the current best explanation of how complex cells evolved.
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
02:50
There's a lot of evidence that supports this theory,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:53
but let's look at three main pieces.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
02:55
First, the chloroplasts and mitochondria in our cells multiply the very same way
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ ื•ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš
03:01
as those ancient bacteria,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
03:03
which are still around, by the way.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
03:05
In fact, if you destroy these structures in a cell, no new ones will appear.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื, ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•.
03:10
The cell can't make them.
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ื”ืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
03:12
They can only make more of themselves.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืฆืžื.
03:15
Second piece of evidence.
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ืจืื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
03:16
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
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ื’ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื DNA ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื.
03:22
Their DNA has a circular structure
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ื” DNA ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขื’ืœื™
03:24
that is strikingly similar to the DNA of the ancient bacteria,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœ DNA ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
03:28
and it also contains many similar genes.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
03:31
The ribosomes, or protein assembly machines of chloroplasts and mitochondria,
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ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”,
03:36
also have the same structure as ribosomes of ancient bacteria,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
03:41
but are different from the ribosomes
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื
03:42
hanging around the rest of eukaryotic cell.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™.
03:46
Lastly, think about the membranes involved in the engulfing process.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื”.
03:50
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have two membranes surrounding them,
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ืœื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื,
03:55
an inner and outer membrane.
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
03:58
Their inner membrane contains some particular lipids and proteins
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ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
04:01
that are not present in the outer membrane.
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ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:04
Why is that significant?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™?
04:06
Because their outer membrane used to belong to the blob cell.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
04:10
When they were engulfed in the endosymbiosis process,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื ื“ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”,
04:13
they got wrapped up in that membrane and kept their own as their inner one.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืคื• ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:18
Surely enough, those same lipids
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:20
and proteins are found on the membranes of the ancient bacteria.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.
04:25
Biologists now use this theory
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”
04:27
to explain the origin of the vast variety of eukaryotic organisms.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:32
Take the green algae that grow on the walls of swimming pools.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื”.
04:36
A larger eukaryotic cell with spinning tail structures, or flagella,
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ืชื ืืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื ื‘ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘, ืื• ืคืœื’ืœื”,
04:41
at some point absorbed algae like these to form what we now call euglena.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืกืคื’ื• ืืฆื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ื’ืœื ื”.
04:47
Euglena can perform photosynthesis,
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ืื•ื’ืœื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”,
04:49
break down sugar using oxygen,
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ืœืคืจืง ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
04:51
and swim around pond water.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื.
04:54
And as the theory would predict,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืคืชื”,
04:56
the chloroplasts in these euglena have three membranes
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ืœื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ ื‘ืื•ื’ืœื ื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช
04:59
since they had two before being engulfed.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกืคื’ื•.
05:04
The absorbing process of endosymbiotic theory
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”
05:06
allowed organisms to combine powerful abilities
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
05:09
to become better adapted to life on Earth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:13
The results were species capable of much more
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:15
than when they were separate organisms,
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ืžืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
05:18
and this was an evolutionary leap
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
05:20
that lead to the microorganisms, plants,
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
05:22
and animals we observe on the planet today.
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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