How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson

825,265 views ใƒป 2015-02-17

TED-Ed


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Tomoyuki Suzuki ๆ กๆญฃ: Takamitsu Hirono
00:06
What if you could absorb another organism
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ใ‚‚ใ— ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไป–ใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใง ใใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฎใ‚‚ใค่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’
00:09
and take on its abilities?
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่บซใซใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
00:11
Imagine you swallowed a small bird and suddenly gained the ability to fly.
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ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆไธ‹ใ•ใ„ใ€€ๅฐใ•ใช้ณฅใ‚’ไธ€้ฃฒใฟใ— ็ช็„ถ ็ฉบใ‚’้ฃ›ใถ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’่บซใซใคใ‘ใŸใ‚Š
00:16
Or if you engulfed a cobra
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ใ‚ณใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚’้ฃฒใฟ่พผใ‚“ใง
00:18
and were then able to spit poisonous venom from your teeth.
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ๆญฏใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฏ’ๆถฒใ‚’ๅใๅ‡บใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’
00:23
Throughout the history of life,
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆญดๅฒใซใŠใ„ใฆโ€•
00:25
specifically during the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells,
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็‰นใซ่ค‡้›‘ใช็œŸๆ ธ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใซใŠใ„ใฆ
00:29
things like this happened all the time.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใŒ้ ป็นใซ่ตทใใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
00:33
One organism absorbed another,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใฟ
00:35
and they united to become a new organism with the combined abilities of both.
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ไธ€ไฝ“ใจใชใฃใฆ ๅŒๆ–นใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ๆ–ฐใŸใช็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใจใชใฃใŸใฎใงใ™
00:42
We think that around 2 billion years ago,
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็ด„20ๅ„„ๅนดๅ‰ใฎๅœฐ็ƒใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ
00:44
the only living organisms on Earth were prokaryotes,
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ๅŽŸๆ ธ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ ใ‘ใ ใฃใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:48
single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่†œใง่ฆ†ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ็ดฐ่ƒžๅฐๅ™จๅฎ˜ใฎใชใ„ ๅ˜็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
00:54
Let's look closely at just three of them.
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๏ผ“ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ˜ใฃใใ‚Šใจ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:57
One was a big, simple blob-like cell
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๏ผ‘ใค็›ฎใฏ ๅคงใใช ๅ˜็ด”ใชๅกŠใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็ดฐ่ƒžใง
01:00
with the ability to absorb things by wrapping its cell membrane around them.
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็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šไป–ใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’ๅŒ…ใฟใ“ใฟ ไธญใซๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚€่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
01:06
Another was a bacterial cell
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๏ผ’ใค็›ฎใฏ ๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š
01:07
that converted solar energy into sugar molecules through photosynthesis.
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ๅคช้™ฝใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’็ณ–ๅˆ†ๅญใซ ๅค‰ๆ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸ็ดฐ่Œใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใงใ™
01:13
A third used oxygen gas to break down materials like sugar
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๏ผ“ใค็›ฎใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใฏ ้…ธ็ด ใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ็ณ–ใชใฉใฎ็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’ๅˆ†่งฃใ—
01:18
and release its energy into a form useful for life activities.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๆดปๅ‹•ใซๅฟ…่ฆใชใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใ‚’ ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸ
01:23
The blob cells would occasionally absorb the little photosynthetic bacteria.
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ๅกŠ็Šถใฎใ‚ปใƒซใฏ ๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใ‚’่กŒใ†ๅฐใ•ใช็ดฐ่Œใ‚’ ๅธๅŽใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:29
These bacteria then lived inside the blob and divided like they always had,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็ดฐ่ŒใฏๅกŠใฎใ‚ปใƒซใฎไธญใง ไปŠใพใง้€šใ‚Šๅˆ†่ฃ‚ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰็”Ÿๆดปใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚
01:34
but their existence became linked.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใงไบ’ใ„ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
01:37
If you stumbled upon this living arrangement,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใตใจ ใ“ใฎๆง˜็›ธใ‚’็›ฎใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰
01:39
you might just think that the whole thing was one organism,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ๏ผ‘ใคใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใงใ‚ใฃใฆ
01:43
that the green photosynthetic bacteria were just a part of the blob
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็ท‘่‰ฒใฎๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใ‚’่กŒใ†็ดฐ่Œใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ ๅกŠ็Šถใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:47
that performed one of its life functions,
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็”Ÿๅญ˜ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใฎไธ€ใคใ‚’ๆ‹…ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใซ ้ŽใŽใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:50
just like your heart is a part of you
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ๅฟƒ่‡“ใŒ่ก€ๆถฒใ‚’้€ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆŒใฃใŸ
01:52
that performs the function of pumping your blood.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไฝ“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใจ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใงใ™
01:56
This process of cells living together is called endosymbiosis,
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็ดฐ่ƒž้”ใŒไธ€็ท’ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้Ž็จ‹ โ€” ไธ€ๆ–นใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใŒไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅ†…ใง็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’
02:00
one organism living inside another.
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็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ๅ…ฑ็”Ÿใจใ„ใ„ใพใ™
02:04
But the endosymbiosis didn't stop there.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ๅ…ฑ็”Ÿใฏ ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใซ็•™ใพใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
02:06
What would happen if the other bacteria moved in, too?
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ไป–ใฎ็ดฐ่ŒใŒๅ…ฅใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงใใŸใ‚‰ ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
02:10
Now the cells of this species started becoming highly complex.
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ใ“ใฎ็จฎใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใซใชใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚
02:14
They were big and full of intricate structures
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่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใ‚„ใƒŸใƒˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใ‚ขใจใ„ใฃใŸ
02:17
that we call chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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่ค‡้›‘ใชๆง‹้€ ไฝ“ใงๆบ€ใŸใ•ใ‚Œ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใใชใฃใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
02:21
These structures work together to harness sunlight,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆง‹้€ ไฝ“ใŒๅ”่ชฟใ— ๅคช้™ฝๅ…‰ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆ
02:24
make sugar,
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็ณ–ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—
02:25
and break down that sugar using the oxygen
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ใใ—ใฆ ๅœฐ็ƒใฎๅคงๆฐ—ใซ ้…ธ็ด ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ้ ƒใซใฏ
02:27
that right around this time started to appear in the Earth's atmosphere.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ็ณ–ใ‚’ๅˆ†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
02:32
Organisms absorbing other organisms
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใŒไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝไฝ“ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใ‚€ใ“ใจใฏ
02:34
was one way species adapted to the changing environmental conditions
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ๅ‘จๅ›ฒใฎ็’ฐๅขƒใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใซ ็จฎใŒ้ฉๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹
02:39
of their surroundings.
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๏ผ‘ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ—ใŸ
02:41
This little story highlights what biologists call the endosymbiotic theory,
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ใ“ใฎใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ่€ƒใˆใฏ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใŒ็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ๅ…ฑ็”Ÿ่ชฌใจ็งฐใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง
02:45
the current best explanation of how complex cells evolved.
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่ค‡้›‘ใช็ดฐ่ƒžใธใจ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ‚’้‚ใ’ใŸ้Ž็จ‹ใ‚’ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ ไปŠใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€่‰ฏใฎ็†่ซ–ใงใ™
02:50
There's a lot of evidence that supports this theory,
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ใ“ใฎ็†่ซ–ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ ๅคšใใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
02:53
but let's look at three main pieces.
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ใใฎๅ†… ไธปใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ๏ผ“ใค็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:55
First, the chloroplasts and mitochondria in our cells multiply the very same way
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๏ผ‘ใค็›ฎใฏ ่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใ‚„ใƒŸใƒˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใ‚ขใŒ ็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ใงๅข—ๆฎ–ใ™ใ‚‹ไป•ๆ–นใฏ
03:01
as those ancient bacteria,
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ไปŠใ‚‚ๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ ๅคงๆ˜”ใฎ็ดฐ่Œใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจ
03:03
which are still around, by the way.
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ๅ…จใๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:05
In fact, if you destroy these structures in a cell, no new ones will appear.
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ไบ‹ๅฎŸ ็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ใฎใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆง‹้€ ไฝ“ใŒ็ ดๅฃŠใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ ๏ผ’ๅบฆใจๅ†็”Ÿใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
03:10
The cell can't make them.
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็ดฐ่ƒžใฏๆง‹้€ ไฝ“ใ‚’ ไฝœใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
03:12
They can only make more of themselves.
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็ดฐ่ƒžใฏใใ‚Œ่‡ช่บซใฎใฟใ‚’่ค‡่ฃฝใ—ใพใ™
03:15
Second piece of evidence.
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๏ผ’ใค็›ฎใฎ่จผๆ‹ ใฏ
03:16
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
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่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใ‚„ใƒŸใƒˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใ‚ขใฏ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ ใใ‚Œ่‡ช่บซใฎDNAใ‚„ใƒชใƒœใ‚พใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:22
Their DNA has a circular structure
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎDNAใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
03:24
that is strikingly similar to the DNA of the ancient bacteria,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅคงๆ˜”ใฎ็ดฐ่Œใฎ DNAใฎๆง‹้€ ใจใใฃใใ‚ŠใชไธŠ
03:28
and it also contains many similar genes.
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ใ‚ˆใไผผใŸ้บไผๅญใ‚‚ๅคšใๅซใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
03:31
The ribosomes, or protein assembly machines of chloroplasts and mitochondria,
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่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใ‚„ใƒŸใƒˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใ‚ขๅ†…ใง ใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚ฏ่ณชใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒชใƒœใ‚พใƒผใƒ ใ‚‚
03:36
also have the same structure as ribosomes of ancient bacteria,
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ๅคงๆ˜”ใฎ็ดฐ่Œใฎใƒชใƒœใ‚พใƒผใƒ ใจ ไผผใŸๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ
03:41
but are different from the ribosomes
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็œŸๆ ธ็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ใซๆตฎใ‹ใถ
03:42
hanging around the rest of eukaryotic cell.
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ไป–ใฎใƒชใƒœใ‚พใƒผใƒ ใจใฏ ็•ฐใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:46
Lastly, think about the membranes involved in the engulfing process.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฏ ไป–็ดฐ่ƒžใฎๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใฟใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™
03:50
Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have two membranes surrounding them,
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่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใจใƒŸใƒˆใ‚ณใƒณใƒ‰ใƒชใ‚ขใฏ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅ†…ๅดใจๅค–ๅดใฎ
03:55
an inner and outer membrane.
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๏ผ’ใคใฎ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใงๅŒ…ใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:58
Their inner membrane contains some particular lipids and proteins
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ๅ†…ๅดใฎ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎ่„‚่ณชใ‚„ใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚ฏ่ณชใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒ
04:01
that are not present in the outer membrane.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅค–ๅดใฎ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใฏๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
04:04
Why is that significant?
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ใใ‚Œใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใฏ๏ผŸ
04:06
Because their outer membrane used to belong to the blob cell.
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ๅค–ๅดใฎ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใฏๅกŠ็Šถใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใซ ๅ…ƒๆฅใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸ
04:10
When they were engulfed in the endosymbiosis process,
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็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ๅ…ฑ็”Ÿใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใง ไป–ใฎ็ดฐ่ƒžใŒๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจใ
04:13
they got wrapped up in that membrane and kept their own as their inner one.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŒ…ใฟ่พผใพใ‚Œ ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใพใ‚ŒใŸ็ดฐ่ƒžใฎ็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใ‚‚ๅ†…ๅดใซๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
04:18
Surely enough, those same lipids
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ๅคงๆ˜”ใฎ็ดฐ่Œใฎโ€•
04:20
and proteins are found on the membranes of the ancient bacteria.
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็ดฐ่ƒž่†œใซใŠใ„ใฆใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜่„‚่ณชใ‚„ใ‚ฟใƒณใƒ‘ใ‚ฏ่ณชใŒ่ฆ‹ใคใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:25
Biologists now use this theory
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ไปŠใงใฏ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใฏใ“ใฎ่ชฌใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
04:27
to explain the origin of the vast variety of eukaryotic organisms.
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้žๅธธใซๅคš็จฎใฎ็œŸๆ ธ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็™ปๅ ดใ—ใŸ ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:32
Take the green algae that grow on the walls of swimming pools.
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ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใฎๅฃใซใธใฐใ‚Šใคใ„ใฆๆˆ้•ทใ™ใ‚‹ ็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ่—ปใ‚’ๆŽกๅ–ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:36
A larger eukaryotic cell with spinning tail structures, or flagella,
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ๅ›ž่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฐพใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใŸ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใช็œŸๆ ธๅ˜็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹้žญๆฏ›ใฏ
04:41
at some point absorbed algae like these to form what we now call euglena.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใซ่—ปใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใฟ ใƒŸใƒ‰ใƒชใƒ ใ‚ทใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
04:47
Euglena can perform photosynthesis,
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ใƒŸใƒ‰ใƒชใƒ ใ‚ทใฏๅ…‰ๅˆๆˆใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸใ‚Š
04:49
break down sugar using oxygen,
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้…ธ็ด ใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ็ณ–ใ‚’ๅˆ†่งฃใ—ใŸใ‚Š
04:51
and swim around pond water.
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ๆฑ ใงๆณณใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
04:54
And as the theory would predict,
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็†่ซ–ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบˆๆธฌใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
04:56
the chloroplasts in these euglena have three membranes
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ใƒŸใƒ‰ใƒชใƒ ใ‚ทใซๅซใพใ‚Œใ‚‹่‘‰็ท‘ไฝ“ใฏ ้žญๆฏ›ใซๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
04:59
since they had two before being engulfed.
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๏ผ’ใคใฎ่†œใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใง ๏ผ“ใคใฎ่†œใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
05:04
The absorbing process of endosymbiotic theory
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็ดฐ่ƒžๅ†…ๅ…ฑ็”Ÿ่ชฌใŒ่ชžใ‚‹ ๅ–ใ‚Š่พผใฟใฎ้Ž็จ‹ใฏ
05:06
allowed organisms to combine powerful abilities
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็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅˆไฝ“ใ•ใ›ใฆ
05:09
to become better adapted to life on Earth.
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ๅœฐ็ƒใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็”Ÿๅญ˜ใธใฎ้ฉๅˆๆ€งใ‚’ ้ซ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:13
The results were species capable of much more
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœ ็จฎใฏใƒใƒฉใƒใƒฉใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
05:15
than when they were separate organisms,
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅพ—ใพใ—ใŸ
05:18
and this was an evolutionary leap
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ฃ›่บ็š„ใช้€ฒๅŒ–ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—
05:20
that lead to the microorganisms, plants,
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็พๅœจ ็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใ‚‹
05:22
and animals we observe on the planet today.
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ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ€ๆค็‰ฉใ‚„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’ ็™ปๅ ดใ•ใ›ใŸใฎใงใ—ใŸ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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