Why are beavers obsessed with dams? - Glynnis Hood

425,994 views ใƒป 2023-01-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:08
Nestled in the remote forests of northern Canada
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื”
00:10
sits the worldโ€™s longest beaver dam.
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ื ืžืฆื ืกื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:13
Curving around the water like a castle wall,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืจื”,
00:16
this 850-meter-long structure is large enough to be seen in satellite imagery.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ 850 ืžื˜ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
00:22
The dam and the generations of North American beavers that maintain it
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ื”ืกื›ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•
00:26
have dramatically transformed the region,
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ืฉื™ื ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
00:29
creating a pond containing roughly 70,000,000 liters of water.
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ื›ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 70 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
00:33
This is a suitably sizable home for the creators of this woodland kingdom.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืขืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
00:37
But even dams 1/100th the size of this one
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืช ืžื–ื”
00:41
can have huge impacts on their environment.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:43
So how exactly do beavers redesign the forest,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
00:46
and how do they build these impressive structures in the first place?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
00:50
Consider this beaver in the northwestern US.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
00:53
Standing just under 2 feet tall,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 70 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
00:55
heโ€™s a proud representative of the worldโ€™s second largest rodent species.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืจืกื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:00
While heโ€™s at risk to predators on land, once heโ€™s built a lodge,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื›ื ื•
01:04
heโ€™ll have a massive moat to keep him safe.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืคื™ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:07
But he canโ€™t just build a dam anywhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:09
Following the sounds of running water,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื,
01:11
our beaver searches heavily wooded areas
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:14
to find a medium-sized stream thatโ€™s not too steep or too deep.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื•ืคืข ืื• ืขืžื•ืง ืžื“ื™.
01:19
After abandoning one construction site due to its rocky floor,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื˜ืฉ ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืกืœืขื™ืช,
01:23
he finds a stream with a soft, muddy bottom.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื ื—ืœ ืขื ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช.
01:27
Combining vegetation, mud, and sticks,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช,
01:29
he creates a small bank along the streamโ€™s edge.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ืœ.
01:33
Then, using a bite almost 3 times stronger than any other mammal of this size,
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ืื–, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ 3 ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื”,
01:39
our beaver chews nearby logs into sturdy sticks.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ืจืกื ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
01:43
He then rolls them into the water and spikes them down into the soft streambed.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื•ืชื•ืงืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื”.
01:48
Beaver dams come in several shapes,
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ืกื›ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
01:50
but our beaver opts for a concave dam to dissipate the forceful flowing water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืกื›ืจ ืงืขื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
01:56
and layers in large rocks to reinforce areas
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ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืื–ื•ืจื™ื
01:59
where water flows the strongest.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
02:01
Depending on a damโ€™s length, the streamโ€™s speed,
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ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืจ, ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”,
02:04
and the number of beavers on the job,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
02:06
these devoted architects can build shockingly fast.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
02:10
In some cases where humans tried to remove dams,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืกื›ืจื™ื,
02:13
beavers have rebuilt them overnightโ€”
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” --
02:15
sometimes rebuilding larger than they were before.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
02:18
Like most dams, our beaverโ€™s project
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื›ืจื™ื, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:21
is just a couple meters long.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:23
And working alone, this dam could take several days to complete.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื‘ื“, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœืžื”.
02:27
But once the structure spans the channel, his watery home begins to fill up.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืœื.
02:31
As the pond grows,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:33
heโ€™ll extend the dam to block water flowing around the sides.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
02:36
However, some is permitted to leak downstream,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื,
02:39
releasing pressure on the dam and regulating the pondโ€™s water levels.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืจ ื•ืžื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”.
02:43
The larger the pond, the larger the beaverโ€™s territory.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
And since they can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช,
02:50
beavers can easily access food along the shorelines.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
02:53
Throughout the fall, our beaver builds up an impressive supply for winterโ€”
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืื’ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ --
02:57
while also looking for someone to share it with.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื”.
03:00
Beavers are fiercely territorial, but they also bond for life.
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:05
When the pond freezes over,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืงื•ืคืืช,
03:07
our new beaver couple splits their time
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ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
03:09
between making trips to the food cache with their lodgeโ€™s private entrance
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
03:13
and starting a family.
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ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
03:14
Come summertime, the juveniles will help reinforce and expand their dam,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืจ,
03:19
gather food, and watch their younger siblings.
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ื™ืืกืคื• ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉื’ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:22
After 2 to 3 years,
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ืื—ืจื™ 2 ืขื“ 3 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:23
these young beavers will disperse to find territory and mates of their own.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชืคื–ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
03:28
But their ancestral dam can last for decades.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื›ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:31
Maintenance work is continued by descendants of the original colony,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
03:34
or new beavers that move in when the reigning family leaves.
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ืื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช.
03:37
Thereโ€™s certainly no shortage of neighborsโ€”
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื ื™ื --
03:40
some regions have as many as 40 beaver dams per kilometer of stream.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ 40 ืกื›ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ.
03:44
This is great news for surrounding wildlife
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ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:46
that rely heavily on these semi-aquatic engineers.
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ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื-ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
03:50
Lodges can serve as nesting sites and refuges for various species of waterfowl.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืชืจื™ ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืกื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื.
03:55
Beaver channels also connect bodies of water,
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ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื,
03:57
increasing the biodiverse areas between water and land.
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:01
Humans benefit from beaver construction projects too.
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ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
04:04
Their ponds help replenish groundwater stores,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื,
04:07
in part by creating large expanses of surface water.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:10
And just like their manmade counterparts,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื›ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
04:13
beaver dams slow floodwaters.
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ืกื›ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช.
04:15
So just by following their natural instincts,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:18
these ecosystem engineers create huge impacts downstream.
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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