How close are we to eradicating HIV? - Philip A. Chan

863,801 views ใƒป 2019-06-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
The world is getting closer
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘
00:08
to achieving one of the most important public health goals of our time:
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•:
00:12
eradicating HIV.
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ืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื” HIV.
00:15
And to do this, we wonโ€™t even have to cure the disease.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
00:18
We simply have to stop HIV from being transmitted
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื” HIV ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ
00:21
until eventually it fizzles out.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื•ืข.
00:24
Once, this goal would have seemed impossible.
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ืคืขื, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
00:27
HIV has caused millions of deaths
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HIV ื’ืจื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช
00:29
and is one of the most devastating diseases that humanity has ever known.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื“ืขื”.
00:34
But weโ€™re now at a point where new advances
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:36
such as one-pill, once-a-day medications
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ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ืช
00:39
are helping us tackle HIV in effective ways.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื HIV ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
00:43
HIV is a retrovirusโ€“
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HIV ื”ื•ื ืจื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก --
00:45
meaning it integrates copies of itself into an infected cellโ€™s DNA,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ DNA ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื,
00:50
allowing it to replicate and infect other cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:53
HIV has evolved numerous ways to evade the human immune system,
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HIV ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:57
which makes it difficult to cure.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืงืฉื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™.
01:00
But by developing ways to block HIV replication,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื” HIV,
01:03
we can stop the spread of HIV itself.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ื” HIV ืขืฆืžื•.
01:06
Thatโ€™s where antiretroviralsโ€“ a.k.a. ARVsโ€“ come in.
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ืฉื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก -- ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื› ARV - ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:12
ARVs are a group of drugs which work in different ways to combat HIV.
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ARV ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ HIV.
01:17
Some block HIVโ€™s access into immune cells,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ HIV ืœืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
01:20
and others work by stopping the virus itself from replicating.
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•.
01:24
ARVs also work preventatively in people who donโ€™t have HIV.
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ARV ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื HIV.
01:30
This type of approach is called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP.
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ืงืจื ืžื ื™ืขื” ื˜ืจื•ื ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื™ืช, ืื• PrEP.
01:35
PrEP works by accumulating in a personโ€™s body
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PrEP ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื
01:38
and preventing HIV from establishing itself.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžื” HIV ืžืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
01:41
That means an HIV-negative person who may be at risk of contracting the disease
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื”
01:46
can take certain ARVs to protect themselves,
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ื™ืงื—ื• ARV ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
01:49
before they become exposed.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื.
01:51
Hereโ€™s where it gets especially interesting:
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ืคื” ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“:
01:53
In people with HIV, ARVs can also dramatically reduce HIV transmission.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื HIV, ื” ARV ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืจืžืชื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ HIV.
01:59
This is called โ€œTreatment as Prevention.โ€
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžื ื™ืขื”."
02:02
On a global scale, this has the potential to end the HIV epidemic.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื” HIV.
02:07
Itโ€™s based on the idea that someone with HIV who takes ARVโ€™s
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื HIV ืฉืœื•ืงื— ARV
02:12
can lower the virus level in their bodies until it becomes undetectable.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
02:16
That doesnโ€™t mean the virus is gone;
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืขืœื;
02:18
it could still be lurking within cells, ready to reactivate if treatment stops.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื, ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื•ืคืกืง.
02:24
But so long as itโ€™s kept dormant with drugs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืจื“ื•ื ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
02:27
HIV remains undetectable.
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HIV ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
02:29
And when HIV is undetectable, itโ€™s untransmittable, too.
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ื•ื›ืฉ HIV ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
02:33
In theory this means that by testing everyone whoโ€™s at risk of HIV
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ HIV
02:38
and treating those who test positive,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืœื• ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:40
we could stop transmission and eventually eradicate HIV.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื” HIV.
02:44
In the real world, however, things are more complex.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
02:48
Many at-risk HIV negative people across the world
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืœ HIV ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:52
do not have access to PrEP or ARVs,
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœ PrEP ืื• ARV,
02:55
and those who are HIV positive may experience challenges to taking ARVs.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ HIV ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ARV.
03:00
These problems are often greatest in countries
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
03:03
where the burden of HIV is highest.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ HIV ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:06
Getting these medications depends on access to a functioning healthcare systemโ€“
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ืช --
03:10
and this isnโ€™t something everyone has.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:13
Thatโ€™s part of the reason why stopping the spread of HIV for good
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ HIV ืœืชืžื™ื“
03:16
will require a significant investment of resources to improve those systems.
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ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:22
One study carried out by the UNAIDS
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ UNAIDS
03:24
estimated that between 20-30 billion dollars per year
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ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”
03:28
would be needed to achieve a nearly 90% reduction
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ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 90%
03:32
in new HIV infections by 2030.
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ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ HIV ืขื“ 2030.
03:35
This investment would ensure more people would get tested in the first place,
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžืจืืฉ,
03:40
and more would be able to access and maintain treatment.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
03:44
Achieving this goal and improving healthcare in general
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ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
03:47
is in everyoneโ€™s best interest,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื•ืœื,
03:49
from individual people to society as a whole.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื™.
03:52
We have roadmaps that could allow us
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
03:54
to bring the HIV epidemic to an end in the near future,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื” HIV ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
03:58
with the possibility of eradicating the disease altogether
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ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
04:01
several generations in the future.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
04:04
In the period from 1996 to 2017
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1996 ื• 2017
04:07
we almost halved the number of new HIV infections,
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ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ HIV,
04:11
and for the millions of people who still live with the virus,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
04:14
ARV treatments enable most to lead long and healthy lives.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ARV ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
04:19
With continued and increased investments,
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ืขื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”,
04:21
we can get transmission rates low enough to end HIV once and for all.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื” HIV ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“.
04:24
A world without HIV is no longer inconceivable:
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ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ HIV ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:29
itโ€™s closer than ever.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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