How close are we to uploading our minds? - Michael S.A. Graziano

541,999 views ใƒป 2019-10-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Imagine a future where nobody diesโ€”
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืช --
00:09
instead, our minds are uploaded to a digital world.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
00:13
They might live on in a realistic, simulated environment with avatar bodies,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ื•ืื˜ืจ,
00:18
and could still call in and contribute to the biological world.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
00:23
Mind uploading has powerful appealโ€”
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ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ --
00:26
but what would it actually take to scan a personโ€™s brain and upload their mind?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื•?
00:31
The main challenges are scanning a brain in enough detail to capture the mind
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ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืกืคืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
00:36
and perfectly recreating that detail artificially.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
00:40
But first, we have to know what to scan.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืกืจื•ืง.
00:43
The human brain contains about 86 billion neurons,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›-86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘,
00:46
connected by at least a hundred trillion synapses.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช.
00:50
The pattern of connectivity among the brainโ€™s neurons,
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
00:53
that is, all of the neurons and all their connections to each other,
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ืฉื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
00:57
is called the connectome.
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ื ืงืจื ื”ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื.
00:59
We havenโ€™t yet mapped the connectome,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื,
01:01
and thereโ€™s also a lot more to neural signaling.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
01:04
There are hundreds, possibly thousands of different kinds of connections,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
01:08
or synapses.
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ืื• ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช.
01:10
Each functions in a slightly different way.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:12
Some work faster, some slower.
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ื—ืœืงื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจ, ื—ืœืงื ืœืื˜.
01:14
Some grow or shrink rapidly in the process of learning;
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ื—ืœืงื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”;
01:18
some are more stable over time.
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ื—ืœืงื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
01:20
And beyond the trillions of precise, 1-to-1 connections between neurons,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
01:25
some neurons also spray out neurotransmitters
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ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
01:28
that affect many other neurons at once.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
01:31
All of these different kinds of interactions
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
01:33
would need to be mapped in order to copy a personโ€™s mind.
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ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
01:37
There are also a lot of influences on neural signaling
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
01:40
that are poorly understood or undiscovered.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชื’ืœื•.
01:44
To name just one example,
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ืื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช,
01:45
patterns of activity between neurons
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘
01:48
are likely influenced by a type of cell called glia.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื’ึฐืœึดื™ื™ึธื”.
01:52
Glia surround neurons and, according to some scientists,
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ืชืื™ ื’ึฐืœึดื™ื™ึธื” ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘, ื•ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
01:55
may even outnumber them by as many as ten to one.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืœืื—ื“.
01:59
Glia were once thought to be purely for structural support,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘,
02:03
and their functions are still poorly understood,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:05
but at least some of them can generate their own signals
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื
02:09
that influence information processing.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:11
Our understanding of the brain isnโ€™t good enough to determine
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
02:14
what weโ€™d need to scan in order to replicate the mind,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืจื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
02:17
but assuming our knowledge does advance to that point,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:20
how would we scan it?
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ืื™ืš ื ืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•?
02:22
Currently, we can accurately scan a living human brain
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืจื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™
02:25
with resolutions of about half a millimeter
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ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ
02:28
using our best non-invasive scanning method, MRI.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•, MRI.
02:32
To detect a synapse, weโ€™ll need to scan at a resolution of about a micronโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื™ื ืคืกื”, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืกืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ --
02:37
a thousandth of a millimeter.
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ืืœืคื™ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
02:39
To distinguish the kind of synapse and precisely how strong each synapse is,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืœ ืกื™ื ืคืกื”,
02:44
weโ€™ll need even better resolution.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
MRI depends on powerful magnetic fields.
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MRI ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
02:50
Scanning at the resolution required
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช
02:51
to determine the details of individual synapses
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ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
02:55
would requires a field strength high enough to cook a personโ€™s tissues.
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ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืฉื“ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:59
So this kind of leap in resolution
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ืื– ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
03:01
would require fundamentally new scanning technology.
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ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืกืจื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:05
It would be more feasible to scan a dead brain using an electron microscope,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืžื•ื— ืžืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:09
but even that technology is nowhere near good enoughโ€“
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช -
03:13
and requires killing the subject first.
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ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
03:16
Assuming we eventually understand the brain well enough to know what to scan
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืกืจื•ืง
03:20
and develop the technology to safely scan at that resolution,
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ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:24
the next challenge would be to recreate that information digitally.
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
03:28
The main obstacles to doing so are computing power and storage space,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ,
03:33
both of which are improving every year.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:35
Weโ€™re actually much closer to attaining this technological capacity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
03:39
than we are to understanding or scanning our own minds.
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ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
03:43
Artificial neural networks already run our internet search engines,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:47
digital assistants, self-driving cars, Wall Street trading algorithms,
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ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”,
03:52
and smart phones.
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ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
03:53
Nobody has yet built an artificial network with 86 billion neurons,
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ืชื” ืจืฉืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื 86 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘,
03:57
but as computing technology improves,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืฉืชืคืจ,
04:00
it may be possible to keep track of such massive data sets.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:04
At every step in the scanning and uploading process,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:08
weโ€™d have to be certain we were capturing all the necessary information accuratelyโ€”
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง --
04:12
or thereโ€™s no telling what ruined version of a mind might emerge.
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ืื—ืจืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืจื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
04:18
While mind uploading is theoretically possible,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช,
04:21
weโ€™re likely hundreds of years away
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
04:22
from the technology and scientific understanding
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ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
04:25
that would make it a reality.
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
04:27
And that reality would come with ethical and philosophical considerations:
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชื’ื™ืข ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช:
04:31
who would have access to mind uploading?
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ืœืžื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
04:34
What rights would be accorded to uploaded minds?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืชื ื• ืœืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช?
04:37
How could this technology be abused?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื ืฆืœื• ืœืจืขื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•?
04:39
Even if we can eventually upload our minds,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:42
whether we should remains an open question.
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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