How does whale communication work? - David Gruber and Shane Gero

258,744 views ใƒป 2023-12-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the mid-1800s,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -19,
ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
00:09
soon after American whaling ships began operating in the North Pacific,
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00:14
an interesting trend emerged.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื’ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
00:16
Whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful strikes within just a few years.
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ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืจืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 58% ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:22
Sperm whales in the region had suddenly become much harder to kill.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืชืข ืœืงืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’.
00:27
Generally, when predators like orcas are nearby,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจืงื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื,
00:31
sperm whales protect their most vulnerable
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื
00:33
by forming defensive circles at the surface.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:37
But this behavior made them susceptible to whaling ships.
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ืืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื.
00:40
It seems that sperm whales in the North Pacific
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
00:43
were somehow able to quickly adapt to this reality.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื•.
00:47
Groups that likely hadnโ€™t yet experienced human attacks
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื˜ืจื ื—ื•ื• ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
00:51
began escaping whaling boats on fast currents
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
00:54
instead of forming defensive circles.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื”.
00:57
And, based on what weโ€™re starting to understand about sperm whales,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข,
01:00
it seems possible they were actually broadcasting survival strategies
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื“ืจื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
01:05
to one another.
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ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
01:07
Indeed, unbeknownst to whalers,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื,
01:10
spermaceti, the material they killed for,
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ื”ื–ืจืข, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื•
01:13
is an essential part of the sperm whaleโ€™s sophisticated communication
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข.
01:17
and echolocation system.
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ื•ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื”.
01:19
This waxy substance fills a cavity in the sperm whaleโ€™s head.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ื–ื” ืžืžืœื ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข.
01:23
And their head is mostly comprised of an expanded nose
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ื•ืจืืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžืืฃ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘
01:27
that serves as a highly calibrated sonar system.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ื ืืจ ืžื›ื•ื™ืœืช ืžืื•ื“.
01:31
Sperm whales generate some of the loudest biological noises on record,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉืžื•,
01:36
communicate copiously using an array of complex vocalization styles,
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ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:40
and have the largest brains on Earth.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:44
They spend most of their time searching the ocean's depths for prey.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:48
They can stay submerged for over an hour, and dive deeper than 1,200 meters,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขื”, ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -1,200 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:54
far beyond sunlightโ€™s reach, where theyโ€™re guided by sound.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื ื”ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœ.
01:59
The loudest noise recorded underwater is around 270 decibels.
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจืฉื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 270 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœื™ื.
02:04
Sperm whale-generated sounds can reach 230.
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ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ -230.
02:09
And they frequently fix their high-intensity echolocation clicks
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:13
on squid.
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ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
02:16
Some of the air they inhale through their blowhole is routed into their lungs,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคืชื— ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื ื•ืชื‘ ืœืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื”ื,
02:20
while the rest enters a complex, sound-producing system.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงื•ืœ.
02:24
There, air is funneled through lip-like appendages at the front of their heads.
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ืฉื, ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืจืืฉื.
02:29
This generates a sound that travels backwards through their spermaceti organ,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื”ื,
02:34
bounces off an air sac, then traverses another waxy organ,
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ืžืงืคื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืฉืง ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืื– ื—ื•ืฆื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ,
02:39
which amplifies and directs the sound.
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ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
02:42
The click exits the sperm whaleโ€™s head a powerful, focused beam.
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ื”ืงืœื™ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข ื›ืงืจืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช.
02:47
Itโ€™s suspected that the returning vibrations
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช
02:50
are received by the whaleโ€™s lower jaw and directed into the ears.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
02:55
Then, their brainโ€™s expanded auditory processing region
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
02:58
analyzes the quality of the echoes to map their surroundings in the darkness.
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ืžื ืชื— ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš.
03:04
With this mechanism, sperm whales can locate squid 300 meters away.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 300 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:09
Scientists think squid donโ€™t hear these high-frequency clicksโ€”
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืืœื” -
03:13
even as they turn into rapid buzzes and creaks as the whale closes in.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ืžื–ื•ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืกื•ื’ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
03:19
Sperm whales can eat more than a ton of squid every day.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
03:23
Their stomachs and feces are usually full of indigestible squid beaks,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
03:28
and their skin often scarred by squid tentacles.
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ื•ืขื•ืจื ืžืฆื•ืœืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื.
03:31
When they're not hunting, however,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœื ืฆื“ื™ื,
03:33
sperm whales use an entirely different vocal repertoire.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:37
Mature males make clang noises,
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืจืขืฉื™ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ,
03:39
which scientists suspect play a role in mating.
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช.
03:42
And most other sperm whales live in social family groups.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
03:46
Though their communication might get interrupted when predators are near
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคืกืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:50
or human-generated noises dominate,
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ืื• ืจืขืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
03:53
they generally chatter at length at the waterโ€™s surface.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืคื˜ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
03:56
Sperm whales do this using patterned click sequences akin to Morse code,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฆืคื™ ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืจืก,
04:01
called codas,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
04:03
which are thought to function as social identity markers.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืžื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
04:07
Researchers have identified dozens of distinct types of codas,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
04:11
according to patterns in the numbers of clicks used and their rhythm and tempo.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:23
Some codas are more ubiquitous,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:25
while others vary greatly according to family groups and individuals.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
04:29
All families in a given region
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ
04:31
that consistently use some of the same characteristic coda patterns
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืงื•ื“ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:35
share a dialect and belong to the same vocal clan.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืงืืœื™.
04:39
Each sperm whale calf goes through a multi-year period of babbling,
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ื›ืœ ืขื’ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื–ืจืข ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืจื‘-ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืžื•ืœื™ื,
04:44
where they experiment with different sounds
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžืชื ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:47
before becoming fluent in their clanโ€™s coda dialect.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:51
How and what exactly sperm whales communicate to each other
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
04:54
is currently unknown,
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ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืจื’ืข,
04:56
but there are indications that the information can be sophisticated.
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื.
05:00
Biologists, roboticists, linguists, cryptographers,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื, ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื
05:04
and artificial intelligence experts
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ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
05:06
are collaborating to monitor and analyze sperm whale vocalizations.
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ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืงื— ื•ืœื ืชื— ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข.
05:11
The aim is to finally decipher what they're saying.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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