How does whale communication work? - David Gruber and Shane Gero

268,635 views ・ 2023-12-14

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yoojin Jeong κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
In the mid-1800s,
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1800λ…„λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜,
00:09
soon after American whaling ships began operating in the North Pacific,
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λ―Έκ΅­ 포경선듀이 λΆνƒœν‰μ–‘μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ‘œλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„
00:14
an interesting trend emerged.
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ν₯미둜운 μΆ”μ„Έκ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Whalers saw a 58% drop in their successful strikes within just a few years.
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뢈과 λͺ‡ λ…„ λ§Œμ— 고래 사λƒ₯에 μ„±κ³΅ν•˜λŠ” λΉ„μœ¨μ΄ 58%λ‚˜ μ€„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Sperm whales in the region had suddenly become much harder to kill.
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이 μ§€μ—­μ˜ ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ” κ°‘μž‘μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μž‘κΈ°κ°€ 훨씬 더 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Generally, when predators like orcas are nearby,
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일반적으둜 λ²”κ³ λž˜ 같은 ν¬μ‹μžκ°€ κ·Όμ²˜μ— μžˆμ„ λ•Œ,
00:31
sperm whales protect their most vulnerable
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ” 수면 κ·Όμ²˜μ—μ„œ μ›ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ 방어선을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
00:33
by forming defensive circles at the surface.
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μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ•½ν•œ 개체λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
But this behavior made them susceptible to whaling ships.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 행동은 ν¬κ²½μ„ μ—λŠ” 약점이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
It seems that sperm whales in the North Pacific
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λΆνƒœν‰μ–‘μ˜ ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ”
00:43
were somehow able to quickly adapt to this reality.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  이런 ν˜„μ‹€μ— λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 적응할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Groups that likely hadn’t yet experienced human attacks
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아직 μΈκ°„μ˜ 곡격을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 무리듀이
00:51
began escaping whaling boats on fast currents
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방어선을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
λΉ λ₯Έ ν•΄λ₯˜λ₯Ό 타고 포경선을 ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
instead of forming defensive circles.
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00:57
And, based on what we’re starting to understand about sperm whales,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 바에 λΉ„μΆ”μ–΄ λ³Ό λ•Œ,
01:00
it seems possible they were actually broadcasting survival strategies
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그듀이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œμ—κ²Œ
생쑴 μ „λž΅μ„ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ¦¬κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
to one another.
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01:07
Indeed, unbeknownst to whalers,
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사싀, κ³ λž˜μž‘μ΄λ“€μ€ λͺ°λžκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
01:10
spermaceti, the material they killed for,
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그듀이 고래λ₯Ό μ£½μ—¬ μ–»μœΌλ € ν•œ κ²½λžμ€
01:13
is an essential part of the sperm whale’s sophisticated communication
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ν–₯유고래의 μ •κ΅ν•œ 톡신 및 반ν–₯ μœ„μΉ˜ μΈ‘μ • μ²΄κ³„μ—μ„œ
01:17
and echolocation system.
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ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
This waxy substance fills a cavity in the sperm whale’s head.
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이 λ°€λž 같은 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ ν–₯유고래의 머릿속 곡간을 μ±„μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
And their head is mostly comprised of an expanded nose
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ ν™•μž₯된 코인데
01:27
that serves as a highly calibrated sonar system.
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μ΄λŠ” κ³ λ„λ‘œ μ •κ΅ν•œ μˆ˜μ€‘ 음파 탐지기 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
Sperm whales generate some of the loudest biological noises on record,
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ” 기둝상 생물이 λ‚Έ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄κ³ ,
01:36
communicate copiously using an array of complex vocalization styles,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ°œμ„±λ²•μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν™œλ°œνžˆ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•˜λ©°,
01:40
and have the largest brains on Earth.
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ—μ„œ λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
They spend most of their time searching the ocean's depths for prey.
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그듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ‹œκ°„μ„ κΉŠμ€ λ°”λ‹€μ—μ„œ 먹이λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©° λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
They can stay submerged for over an hour, and dive deeper than 1,200 meters,
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ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ 이상 물속에 λ¨Έλ¬Ό 수 있고,
햇빛이 λ‹ΏλŠ” λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό 훨씬 λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ 1,200λ―Έν„° 이상 κΉŠμ΄κΉŒμ§€ μž μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:54
far beyond sunlight’s reach, where they’re guided by sound.
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μ΄λ•ŒλŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ‘œ 주변을 μ‚΄ν•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
The loudest noise recorded underwater is around 270 decibels.
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μˆ˜μ€‘μ—μ„œ 기둝된 κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ•½ 270λ°μ‹œλ²¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Sperm whale-generated sounds can reach 230.
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜κ°€ λ‚΄λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” 230λ°μ‹œλ²¨μ— 이λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
And they frequently fix their high-intensity echolocation clicks
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μ •λ°€ν•œ 반ν–₯ μœ„μΉ˜ 츑정을 μœ„ν•΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 딸깍 μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ”
주둜 μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λ₯Ό ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
on squid.
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콧ꡬ멍을 톡해 ν‘μž…ν•œ 곡기 μ€‘μ—μ„œ μΌλΆ€λŠ” 폐둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ³ ,
02:16
Some of the air they inhale through their blowhole is routed into their lungs,
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02:20
while the rest enters a complex, sound-producing system.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λ³΅ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κΈ°κ΄€κ³„λ‘œ μœ μž…λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
There, air is funneled through lip-like appendages at the front of their heads.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ κ³΅κΈ°λŠ” 머리 μ•žμͺ½μ˜ μž…μˆ  같은 뢀속 기관을 μ§€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
This generates a sound that travels backwards through their spermaceti organ,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒμ„±λœ μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” κ²½λ‡Œ 기관을 거꾸둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜κ³ ,
02:34
bounces off an air sac, then traverses another waxy organ,
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곡기 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ—μ„œ νŠ•κ²¨μ§„ ν›„,
μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ¦ν­ν•˜κ³  λ°©ν–₯을 μž‘λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°€λž 같은 기관을 ν†΅κ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
which amplifies and directs the sound.
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02:42
The click exits the sperm whale’s head a powerful, focused beam.
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이 딸깍 μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” ν–₯유고래의 λ¨Έλ¦¬μ—μ„œ κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ³  μ§‘μ€‘λœ κ΄‘μ„ μ²˜λŸΌ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
It’s suspected that the returning vibrations
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λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ” 진동은 고래의 μ•„λž˜ν„±μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ™€μ„œ
02:50
are received by the whale’s lower jaw and directed into the ears.
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κ·€λ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΈ‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
Then, their brain’s expanded auditory processing region
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그런 λ‹€μŒ λ‡Œμ— μžˆλŠ” ν™•μž₯된 청각 처리 μ˜μ—­μ΄
02:58
analyzes the quality of the echoes to map their surroundings in the darkness.
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반ν–₯의 μ§ˆμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄λ‘  μ†μ—μ„œ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ„ κ·Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
With this mechanism, sperm whales can locate squid 300 meters away.
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이런 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 300λ―Έν„° λ°–μ—μ„œλ„ μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Scientists think squid don’t hear these high-frequency clicksβ€”
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ˜€μ§•μ–΄κ°€ 이 고주파 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
even as they turn into rapid buzzes and creaks as the whale closes in.
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κ³ λž˜κ°€ λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ λΉ λ₯Έ μœ™μœ™ μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ μ‚κ±±κ±°λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ‘œ 변해도 말이죠.
03:19
Sperm whales can eat more than a ton of squid every day.
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ” 맀일 μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λ₯Ό 일 톀 이상 먹을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Their stomachs and feces are usually full of indigestible squid beaks,
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μ†Œν™”κ°€ μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” μ˜€μ§•μ–΄ 뢀리가 μœ„μž₯κ³Ό λŒ€λ³€μ— κ°€λ“ν•˜κ³ ,
03:28
and their skin often scarred by squid tentacles.
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ν”ΌλΆ€μ—λŠ” μ˜€μ§•μ–΄ μ΄‰μˆ˜ 흉터가 ν”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
When they're not hunting, however,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사λƒ₯을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ“€μ„ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
sperm whales use an entirely different vocal repertoire.
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03:37
Mature males make clang noises,
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μ„±μˆ™ν•œ μˆ˜μ»·μ€ 'μΊ‰μΊ‰' ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ”λ°,
03:39
which scientists suspect play a role in mating.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이것이 짝짓기에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μΆ”μΈ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
And most other sperm whales live in social family groups.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ μΉœλ°€ν•œ κ°€μ‘± 집단을 이루어 μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Though their communication might get interrupted when predators are near
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인간이 λ‚΄λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν¬κ±°λ‚˜ ν¬μ‹μžκ°€ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 있으면 λ°©ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°›μ§€λ§Œ,
03:50
or human-generated noises dominate,
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일반적으둜 그듀은 μˆ˜λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μˆ˜λ‹€λ₯Ό λ–±λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
they generally chatter at length at the water’s surface.
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03:56
Sperm whales do this using patterned click sequences akin to Morse code,
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄ν™”λœ 딸깍 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λŒ€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λͺ¨μŠ€ λΆ€ν˜Έμ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ©° 코닀라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 이 연속 μ²΄κ³„λŠ”
04:01
called codas,
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04:03
which are thought to function as social identity markers.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  정체성을 μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” ν‘œμ§€λ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
Researchers have identified dozens of distinct types of codas,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 딸깍 μ†Œλ¦¬ 횟수의 νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό 리듬 및 속도에 따라
04:11
according to patterns in the numbers of clicks used and their rhythm and tempo.
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μ„œλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λŠ” μ½”λ‹€λ₯Ό μ‹­μ—¬ κ°€μ§€ μœ ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
Some codas are more ubiquitous,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ½”λ‹€λŠ” μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œλ‚˜ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 반면,
04:25
while others vary greatly according to family groups and individuals.
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κ°€μ‘± 집단과 κ°œμ²΄μ— 따라 크게 λ‹¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 코닀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
All families in a given region
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νŠΉμ§•μ΄ 같은 μ½”λ‹€ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  가쑱은
04:31
that consistently use some of the same characteristic coda patterns
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04:35
share a dialect and belong to the same vocal clan.
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μ‚¬νˆ¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” 같은 μŒμ„± 무리에 μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
Each sperm whale calf goes through a multi-year period of babbling,
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μ–΄λ¦° ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜λ“€μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆ μ˜Ήμ•Œμ΄λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:44
where they experiment with different sounds
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜λ‹€κ°€
04:47
before becoming fluent in their clan’s coda dialect.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ†ν•œ 무리의 μ½”λ‹€ μ‚¬νˆ¬λ¦¬λ₯Ό μœ μ°½ν•˜κ²Œ ꡬ사할 수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
How and what exactly sperm whales communicate to each other
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ν–₯μœ κ³ λž˜κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ, 또, 무슨 말을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ§€κΈˆμ€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:54
is currently unknown,
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04:56
but there are indications that the information can be sophisticated.
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μ •κ΅ν•œ 정보일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ‹¨μ„œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Biologists, roboticists, linguists, cryptographers,
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μž, λ‘œλ΄‡ν•™μž, μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžμ™€
μ•”ν˜Έν•™μž, 인곡 μ§€λŠ₯ μ „λ¬Έκ°€κ°€ ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜μ—¬
05:04
and artificial intelligence experts
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05:06
are collaborating to monitor and analyze sperm whale vocalizations.
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ν–₯유고래의 λ°œμ„±μ„ μΆ”μ ν•˜κ³  κ΄€μ°° 및 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
The aim is to finally decipher what they're saying.
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λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 이듀이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” λ‚΄μš©μ„ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ ν•΄λ…ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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