Are you a body with a mind or a mind with a body? - Maryam Alimardani

Jesi li tijelo s umom ili um s tijelom? - Maryam Alimardani

Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Pogledaj svoju ruku.

Look at your hand.

Kako znaš da je stvarno tvoja?

How do you know it's really yours?

It seems obvious, unless you've experienced the rubber hand illusion.

Čini se očito, osim ako si doživio iluziju gumene ruke.

In this experiment, a dummy hand is placed in front of you

U ovom eksperimentu, lažna ruka stavljena je pred tebe,

and your real hand is hidden behind a screen.

a tvoja je stvarna ruka skrivena iza paravana.

Both are simultaneously stroked with a paint brush.

Obje istovremeno gladi kist.

Koliko si god puta rekao da lažna ruka nije tvoja,

No matter how much you remind yourself the dummy hand isn't yours,

you eventually start to feel like it is,

s vremenom se počinješ osjećati kao da je,

and inevitably flinch when it's threatened with a knife.

i neizbježno je da ćeš se izmaknuti kad joj netko priprijeti nožem.

To je možda samo privremeni trik, no pokazatelj je veće istine:

That may just be a temporary trick, but it speaks to a larger truth:

our bodies, the physical, biological parts of us,

naša tijela, naš fizički, biološki dio,

and our minds, the thinking, conscious aspects,

i naši umovi, misleći, svjesni aspekti,

have a complicated, tangled relationship.

imaju kompliciran, zapetljan odnos.

Which one primarily defines you or your self?

Koji najbolje opisuje tebe samoga?

Are you a physical body that only experiences thoughts and emotions

Jesi li fizičko tijelo koje doživljava misli i osjećaje

as a result of biochemical interactions in the brain?

zbog biokemijskih interakcija u mozgu?

That would be a body with a mind.

To bi bilo tijelo s umom.

Or is there some non-physical part of you that's pulling the strings

Postoji li kakav ne-fizički dio tebe koji kontrolira tobom,

but could live outside of your biological body?

no koji bi mogao živjeti izvan tvog biološkog tijela?

That would be a mind with a body.

To bi bio um s tijelom.

That takes us to an old question

To nas dovodi do starog pitanja

of whether the body and mind are two separate things.

jesu li tijelo i um dvije odvojene stvari.

In a famous thought experiment,

U slavnom misaonom eksperimentu,

filozof iz 16. stoljeća René Descartes istaknuo je

16th-century philosopher René Descartes pointed out

that even if all our physical sensations were just a hallucinatory dream,

da, čak i da su svi naši fizički osjećaji halucinantni san,

our mind and thoughts would still be there.

naš bi um i misli još uvijek bili tu.

That, for him, was the ultimate proof of our existence.

To je, za njega, bio najveći dokaz našeg postojanja.

And it led him to conclude that

I doveo ga je do zaključka

the conscious mind is something separate from the material body

da je svjesni um nešto odvojeno od opipljiva tijela

that forms the core of our identity.

koje čini srž našeg identiteta.

The notion of a non-physical consciousness

Ideja ne-fizičke svjesti

echoes the belief of many religions in an immaterial soul

kopija je vjerovanja mnogih vjera u netjelesnu dušu

for which the body is only a temporary shell.

za koju je tijelo tek privremena ljuska.

If we accept this, another problem emerges.

Prihvatimo li to, pojavljuje se još jedan problem.

How can a non-physical mind have any interaction with the physical body?

Kako ne-fizički um može imati ikakvu interakciju s fizičkim tijelom?

If the mind has no shape, weight, or motion,

Ako um nema oblik, težinu, ili pokret,

how can it move your muscles?

kako može pomicati tvoje mišiće?

Or if we assume it can, why can your mind only move your body and not others?

Pretpostavimo li da može, zašto tvoj um pomiče samo tvoje tijelo, a ne i druga?

Some thinkers have found creative ways to get around this dilemma.

Neki su mislioci našli kreativne načine rješavanja ove dileme.

For example, the French priest and philosopher Nicolas Malebranche

Na primjer, francuski svećenik i filozof Nicolas Malebranche

claimed that when we think about reaching for a fork,

tvrdio je da kada pomislimo o dosezanju vilice,

bog pomiče našu ruku.

it's actually god who moves our hand.

Another priest philosopher named George Berkeley

Drugi svećenik filozof, George Berkeley,

concluded that the material world is an illusion,

zaključio je da je materijalni svijet iluzija

existing only as mental perceptions.

koja postoji samo kao mentalne percepcije.

This question of mind versus body isn't just the domain of philosophers.

Borba uma i tijela ne spada samo u domenu filozofa.

With the development of psychology and neuroscience,

S razvojem psihologije i neuroznanosti,

scientists have weighed in, as well.

i znanstvenici su izrekli svoje mišljenje.

Many modern scientists reject the idea

Mnogi moderni znanstvenici odbijaju ideju

that there's any distinction between the mind and body.

razlikovanja uma i tijela.

Neuroscience suggests that our bodies, along with their physical senses,

Neuroznanost sugerira da su naša tijela i njihovi fizički osjećaji

are deeply integrated with the activity in our brains

duboko povezani s aktivnošću u našim mozgovima,

to form what we call consciousness.

stvarajući nešto što zovemo svijest.

From the day we're born,

Od dana rođenja

our mental development is formed through our body's interaction

naš je mentalni razvoj oblikovan interakcijom tijela

with the external world.

s vanjskim svijetom.

Every sight, sound, and touch create new maps and representations in the brain

Svaki pogled, zvuk i dodir stvaraju nove mape i prikaze u mozgu

that eventually become responsible for regulating our experience of self.

koji s vremenom postanu odgovorni za reguliranje našeg doživljaja sebe.

And we have other senses, besides the typical five,

Imamo i druga osjetila, osim tipičnih pet,

such as the sense of balance

poput čula ravnoteže

and a sense of the relative location of our body parts.

i osjeta relativnih lokacija naših dijelova tijela.

The rubber hand illusion, and similar virtual reality experiments,

Iluzija gumene ruke i slični eksperimenti virtualne stvarnosti

show that our senses can easily mislead us in our judgment of self.

pokazuju nam koliko nas lagano osjetila mogu prevariti u procjeni sebe.

They also suggest that our bodies and external sensations

Sugeriraju i da su naša tijela i vanjski osjećaji

are inseparable from our subjective consciousness.

nerazdvojivi od naše subjektivne svijesti.

If this is true, then perhaps Descartes' experiment was mistaken from the start.

Ako je to istina, možda je i Descartesov eksperiment u krivu od samog početka.

After all, if we close our eyes in a silent room,

Ipak, zatvorimo li oči u tihoj prostoriji,

the feeling of having a body isn't something we can just imagine away.

ne možemo ne zamisliti osjećaj imanja tijela.

This question of mind and body becomes particularly interesting

Ovo pitanje uma i tijela postalo je zanimljivije

at a time when we're considering future technologies,

u dobu kad razmišljamo o tehnologijama budućnosti,

such as neural prosthetics and wearable robots

poput neuroprostetike i nosivih robota

that could become extended parts of our bodies.

koji bi postali produljeni dijelovi naših tijela.

Or the slightly more radical idea of mind uploading,

Ili malo radikalnija ideja prijenosa uma,

which dangles the possibility of immortal life without a body

koja se bavi mogućnošću besmrtnog života bez tijela

by transferring a human consciousness into a computer.

prebacivanjem ljudske svijesti na računalo.

If the body is deeply mapped in the brain,

Ako je tijelo duboko urezano u mozgu,

then by extending our sense of self to new wearable devices,

proširivanje naše slike sebe na nove nosive sprave

our brains may eventually adapt to a restructured version

može dovesti do promjene mozga u restrukturiranu verziju

with new sensory representations.

s novim osjetilnim reprezentacijama.

Or perhaps uploading our consciousness into a computer might not even be possible

A možda prijenos svijesti na računalo nije moguć

unless we can also simulate a body capable of delivering physical sensations.

ako ne možemo stimulirati tijelo sposobno prenijeti fizičke osjećaje.

The idea that our bodies are part of our consciousness and vice versa

Ideja da su naša tijela dio naše svijesti, i obratno,

also isn't new.

također nije nova.

It's found extensively in Buddhist thought,

Može ju se naći u budističkim razmišljanjima,

as well as the writings of philosophers from Heidegger to Aristotle.

ali i u spisima filozofa od Heideggera pa sve do Aristotela.

But for now, we're still left with the open question

Zasad nam je ostalo otvoreno pitanje

of what exactly our self is.

tko smo mi točno.

Are we a mind equipped with a physical body as Descartes suggested?

Jesmo li mi um opremljen fizičkim tijelom, kako je Descartes predložio?

Or a complex organism that's gained consciousness

Ili složen organizam koji je stekao svijest

over millions of years of evolution

kroz više milijuna godina evolucije

thanks to a bigger brain and more neurons than our distant ancestors?

zahvaljujući većem mozgu i više neurona od naših daljnjih predaka?

Or something else entirely that no one's yet dreamt up?

Ili nešto potpuno drukčije čega se nitko nije dosjetio?