Why is Herodotus called “The Father of History”? - Mark Robinson

2,437,704 views

2017-12-11 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

Why is Herodotus called “The Father of History”? - Mark Robinson

2,437,704 views ・ 2017-12-11

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Lidija Funtek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
"Okolnosti upravljaju ljudima, a ne ljudi okolnostima." - Herodot, "Povijesti"
00:07
Giant gold-digging ants,
0
7222
2230
Ogromni mravi koji kopaju zlato,
00:09
a furious king who orders the sea to be whipped 300 times,
1
9452
4729
bijesni kralj koji naređuje da se more bičuje 300 puta
00:14
and a dolphin that saves a famous poet from drowning.
2
14181
4621
i dupin koji spašava poznatog pjesnika od utapljanja.
00:18
These are just some of the stories from The Histories by Herodotus,
3
18802
3960
To su samo neke od priča iz djela "Povijesti" koje je napisao Herodot,
00:22
an Ancient Greek writer from the 5th century BCE.
4
22762
3999
grčki povjesničar iz 5.st.pr.Kr.
00:26
Not all the events in the text may have happened
5
26761
2282
Možda se nije sve dogodilo
00:29
exactly as Herodotus reported them,
6
29043
2210
onako kako je Herodot opisao,
00:31
but this work revolutionized the way the past was recorded.
7
31253
4630
ali ovo je djelo u potpunosti promijenilo način bilježenja prošlosti.
00:35
Before Herodotus, the past was documented as a list of events
8
35883
4339
Prije Herodota, prošlost se bilježila kao popis događaja
00:40
with little or no attempt to explain their causes
9
40222
2712
uz malo ili nimalo pokušaja da se objasne uzroci
00:42
beyond accepting things as the will of the gods.
10
42934
4219
osim na način da je sve to volja bogova.
00:47
Herodotus wanted a deeper, more rational understanding,
11
47153
3230
Herodot je htio bolje i razumnije objašnjenje
00:50
so he took a new approach:
12
50383
1810
pa se odlučio za drugačiji pristup:
00:52
looking at events from both sides to understand the reasons for them.
13
52193
5502
sagledavanje događaja s obje strane kako bi se razumjeli uzroci.
00:57
Though he was Greek, Herodotus's hometown of Halicarnassus
14
57695
3500
Iako je bio Grk, Herodotov rodni grad, Halikarnas,
01:01
was part of the Persian Empire.
15
61195
2679
bio je dio Perzijskog carstva.
01:03
He grew up during a series of wars between the powerful Persians
16
63874
3789
Odrastao je tijekom ratova između moćnih Perzijanaca
01:07
and the smaller Greeks,
17
67663
2002
i nešto slabijih Grka
01:09
and decided to find out all he could about the subject.
18
69665
4220
te odlučio saznati sve što može o tim ratovima.
01:13
In Herodotus's telling, the Persian Wars began in 499 BCE,
19
73885
4889
Prema Herodotu, Perzijski ratovi počeli su 499 g.pr.Kr.
01:18
when the Athenians assisted a rebellion by Greeks living under Persian rule.
20
78774
5220
kada su Atenjani pomogli pobunjenim Grcima koji su živjeli pod perzijskom vlašću.
01:23
In 490, the Persian King, Darius, sent his army to take revenge on Athens.
21
83994
6601
Godine 490. perzijski kralj Darius poslao je vojsku kako bi se osvetio Atenjanima.
01:30
But at the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won an unexpected victory.
22
90595
5181
No u bitci kod Marathona Atenjani su neočekivano pobijedili.
01:35
Ten years later, the Persians returned, planning to conquer the whole of Greece
23
95776
4759
Deset godina kasnije Perzijanci su se vratili s namjerom da pokore cijelu Grčku
01:40
under the leadership of Darius's son, Xerxes.
24
100535
3861
i to pod vodstvom Dariusovog sina, Kserksa.
01:44
According to Herodotus, when Xerxes arrived,
25
104396
2820
Prema Herodotu, kada je Kserks stigao,
01:47
his million man army was initially opposed by a Greek force
26
107216
4119
njegovoj milijunskoj vojsci prvo su se suprotstavile grčke snage
01:51
led by 300 Spartans at the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
27
111335
5209
predvođene s 300 Spartanaca u planinskom klancu Termopilima.
01:56
At great cost to the Persians,
28
116544
1742
Uz velike gubitke za Perzijance,
01:58
the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.
29
118286
4210
Spartanci i njihov kralj Leonida su ubijeni.
02:02
This heroic defeat has been an inspiration to underdogs ever since.
30
122496
5191
Ovaj herojski poraz i dan danas služi kao inspiracija svim potlačenima.
02:07
A few weeks later, the Greek navy tricked the Persian fleet
31
127687
3590
Nekoliko tjedana kasnije grčka je mornarica lukavo uvukla perzijsku flotu
02:11
into fighting in a narrow sea channel near Athens.
32
131277
3660
u uski morski kanal blizu Atene.
02:14
The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.
33
134937
5370
Perzijanci su poraženi, a Kserks je pobjegao i nikada se nije vratio.
02:20
To explain how these wars broke out and why the Greeks triumphed,
34
140307
3590
Kako bi objasnio kako je došlo do tih ratova i zašto su Grci pobijedili,
02:23
Herodotus collected stories from all around the Mediterranean.
35
143897
4290
Herodot je skupio priče s cijelog Mediterana.
02:28
He recorded the achievements of both Greeks and non-Greeks
36
148187
3260
Zapisao je postignuća Grka i ostalih naroda
02:31
before they were lost to the passage of time.
37
151447
3121
prije nego ih je uništio zub vremena.
02:34
The Histories opens with the famous sentence:
38
154568
3580
"Povijesti" počinju poznatom rečenicom:
02:38
"Herodotus, of Halicarnassus, here displays his inquiries."
39
158148
3941
"Herodot iz Halikarnasa ovdje iznosi svoja istraživanja."
02:42
By framing the book as an “inquiry,”
40
162089
2081
Određujući knjigu kao "istraživanje",
02:44
Herodotus allowed it to contain many different stories,
41
164170
3139
Herodot je mogao uvrstiti mnogo različitih priča,
02:47
some serious, others less so.
42
167309
3100
neke ozbiljne, neke malo manje ozbiljne.
02:50
He recorded the internal debates of the Persian court
43
170409
2529
Zabilježio je rasprave perzijskog suda,
02:52
but also tales of Egyptian flying snakes
44
172938
3280
ali i priče o egipatskim letećim zmijama
02:56
and practical advice on how to catch a crocodile.
45
176218
4361
te korisne savjete kako uloviti krokodila.
03:00
The Greek word for this method of research is "autopsy,"
46
180579
2879
Grčka riječ za ovakav način istraživanja je "obdukcija,"
03:03
meaning "seeing for oneself."
47
183458
2921
što znači "vidjeti iz prve ruke."
03:06
Herodotus was the first writer to examine the past
48
186379
2591
Herodot je bio prvi pisac koji je proučio prošlost
03:08
by combining the different kinds of evidence he collected:
49
188970
3846
spajajući različite vrste prikupljenih dokaza:
03:12
opsis, or eyewitness accounts,
50
192816
2191
opsis ili svjedočenja sudionika,
03:15
akoe, or hearsay,
51
195007
2117
akoe ili prepričavanje
03:17
and ta legomena, or tradition.
52
197124
2700
i ta legomena ili tradicija.
03:19
He then used gnome, or reason,
53
199824
2526
Zatim je upotrijebio gnome ili razum
03:22
to reach conclusions about what actually happened.
54
202350
4000
kako bi došao do zaključka što se zapravo dogodilo.
03:26
Many of the book's early readers were actually listeners.
55
206350
3430
Većina prvih čitatelja te knjige zapravo su bili slušaoci.
03:29
The Histories was originally written in 28 sections,
56
209780
3476
"Povijesti" su prvotno napisane u 28 dijelova,
03:33
each of which took about four hours to read aloud.
57
213256
4005
a za pročitati svaki je trebalo 4h čitanja naglas.
03:37
As the Greeks increased in influence and power,
58
217261
3070
Kako su Grci postajali sve utjecajniji i moćniji,
03:40
Herodotus's writing and the idea of history spread across the Mediterranean.
59
220331
6142
Herodotov stil pisanja i doživljaj povijesti proširili su Sredozemljem.
03:46
As the first proper historian, Herodotus wasn't perfect.
60
226473
3461
Kao prvi pravi povjesničar, Herodot nije bio bez mana.
03:49
On occasions, he favored the Greeks over the Persians
61
229934
3105
Ponekad je bio naklonjeniji Grcima nego Perzijancima
03:53
and was too quick to believe some of the stories that he heard,
62
233039
3377
te je prebrzo povjerovao nekim pričama
03:56
which made for inaccuracies.
63
236416
2705
što je dovelo do raznih pogrešaka.
03:59
However, modern evidence has actually explained
64
239121
2741
No noviji dokazi zapravo su objasnili
04:01
some of his apparently extreme claims.
65
241862
3088
neke njegove dotad upitne tvrdnje.
04:04
For instance, there's a species of marmot in the Himalayas
66
244950
3792
Primjerice, na Himalaji postoji vrsta svisca
04:08
that spreads gold dust while digging.
67
248742
2896
koja tijekom kopanja iza sebe ostavlja zlatnu prašinu.
04:11
The ancient Persian word for marmot is quite close to the word for ant,
68
251638
5190
Stara perzijska riječ za svisca veoma je slična riječi za mrava
04:16
so Herodotus may have just fallen prey to a translation error.
69
256828
4900
pa je Herodot možda slučajno krivo preveo.
04:21
All in all, for someone who was writing in an entirely new style,
70
261728
3963
Sve u svemu, za nekoga tko je pisao potpuno novim stilom,
04:25
Herodotus did remarkably well.
71
265691
2468
Herodot je napravio odličan posao.
04:28
History, right down to the present day, has always suffered from the partiality
72
268159
4679
Sve do današnjih dana, povijest je uvijek patila zbog pristranosti
04:32
and mistakes of historians.
73
272838
2401
i pogrešaka povjesničara.
04:35
Herodotus’s method and creativity earned him the title
74
275239
3060
Herodotova metoda i kreativnost donijele su mu naslov
04:38
that the Roman author Cicero gave him several hundred years later:
75
278299
4302
koji mu je rimski car Ciceron nadjenuo nekoliko stotina godina kasnije:
04:42
"The Father of History."
76
282601
2519
"Otac povijesti."
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7