Why is Herodotus called “The Father of History”? - Mark Robinson

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2017-12-11 ・ TED-Ed


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Why is Herodotus called “The Father of History”? - Mark Robinson

2,445,423 views ・ 2017-12-11

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Lidija Funtek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
"Okolnosti upravljaju ljudima, a ne ljudi okolnostima." - Herodot, "Povijesti"
00:07
Giant gold-digging ants,
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Ogromni mravi koji kopaju zlato,
00:09
a furious king who orders the sea to be whipped 300 times,
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bijesni kralj koji naređuje da se more bičuje 300 puta
00:14
and a dolphin that saves a famous poet from drowning.
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i dupin koji spašava poznatog pjesnika od utapljanja.
00:18
These are just some of the stories from The Histories by Herodotus,
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To su samo neke od priča iz djela "Povijesti" koje je napisao Herodot,
00:22
an Ancient Greek writer from the 5th century BCE.
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grčki povjesničar iz 5.st.pr.Kr.
00:26
Not all the events in the text may have happened
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Možda se nije sve dogodilo
00:29
exactly as Herodotus reported them,
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onako kako je Herodot opisao,
00:31
but this work revolutionized the way the past was recorded.
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ali ovo je djelo u potpunosti promijenilo način bilježenja prošlosti.
00:35
Before Herodotus, the past was documented as a list of events
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Prije Herodota, prošlost se bilježila kao popis događaja
00:40
with little or no attempt to explain their causes
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uz malo ili nimalo pokušaja da se objasne uzroci
00:42
beyond accepting things as the will of the gods.
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osim na način da je sve to volja bogova.
00:47
Herodotus wanted a deeper, more rational understanding,
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Herodot je htio bolje i razumnije objašnjenje
00:50
so he took a new approach:
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pa se odlučio za drugačiji pristup:
00:52
looking at events from both sides to understand the reasons for them.
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sagledavanje događaja s obje strane kako bi se razumjeli uzroci.
00:57
Though he was Greek, Herodotus's hometown of Halicarnassus
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Iako je bio Grk, Herodotov rodni grad, Halikarnas,
01:01
was part of the Persian Empire.
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bio je dio Perzijskog carstva.
01:03
He grew up during a series of wars between the powerful Persians
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Odrastao je tijekom ratova između moćnih Perzijanaca
01:07
and the smaller Greeks,
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i nešto slabijih Grka
01:09
and decided to find out all he could about the subject.
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te odlučio saznati sve što može o tim ratovima.
01:13
In Herodotus's telling, the Persian Wars began in 499 BCE,
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Prema Herodotu, Perzijski ratovi počeli su 499 g.pr.Kr.
01:18
when the Athenians assisted a rebellion by Greeks living under Persian rule.
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kada su Atenjani pomogli pobunjenim Grcima koji su živjeli pod perzijskom vlašću.
01:23
In 490, the Persian King, Darius, sent his army to take revenge on Athens.
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Godine 490. perzijski kralj Darius poslao je vojsku kako bi se osvetio Atenjanima.
01:30
But at the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won an unexpected victory.
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No u bitci kod Marathona Atenjani su neočekivano pobijedili.
01:35
Ten years later, the Persians returned, planning to conquer the whole of Greece
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Deset godina kasnije Perzijanci su se vratili s namjerom da pokore cijelu Grčku
01:40
under the leadership of Darius's son, Xerxes.
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i to pod vodstvom Dariusovog sina, Kserksa.
01:44
According to Herodotus, when Xerxes arrived,
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Prema Herodotu, kada je Kserks stigao,
01:47
his million man army was initially opposed by a Greek force
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njegovoj milijunskoj vojsci prvo su se suprotstavile grčke snage
01:51
led by 300 Spartans at the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
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predvođene s 300 Spartanaca u planinskom klancu Termopilima.
01:56
At great cost to the Persians,
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Uz velike gubitke za Perzijance,
01:58
the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.
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Spartanci i njihov kralj Leonida su ubijeni.
02:02
This heroic defeat has been an inspiration to underdogs ever since.
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Ovaj herojski poraz i dan danas služi kao inspiracija svim potlačenima.
02:07
A few weeks later, the Greek navy tricked the Persian fleet
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Nekoliko tjedana kasnije grčka je mornarica lukavo uvukla perzijsku flotu
02:11
into fighting in a narrow sea channel near Athens.
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u uski morski kanal blizu Atene.
02:14
The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.
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Perzijanci su poraženi, a Kserks je pobjegao i nikada se nije vratio.
02:20
To explain how these wars broke out and why the Greeks triumphed,
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Kako bi objasnio kako je došlo do tih ratova i zašto su Grci pobijedili,
02:23
Herodotus collected stories from all around the Mediterranean.
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Herodot je skupio priče s cijelog Mediterana.
02:28
He recorded the achievements of both Greeks and non-Greeks
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Zapisao je postignuća Grka i ostalih naroda
02:31
before they were lost to the passage of time.
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prije nego ih je uništio zub vremena.
02:34
The Histories opens with the famous sentence:
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"Povijesti" počinju poznatom rečenicom:
02:38
"Herodotus, of Halicarnassus, here displays his inquiries."
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"Herodot iz Halikarnasa ovdje iznosi svoja istraživanja."
02:42
By framing the book as an “inquiry,”
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Određujući knjigu kao "istraživanje",
02:44
Herodotus allowed it to contain many different stories,
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Herodot je mogao uvrstiti mnogo različitih priča,
02:47
some serious, others less so.
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neke ozbiljne, neke malo manje ozbiljne.
02:50
He recorded the internal debates of the Persian court
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Zabilježio je rasprave perzijskog suda,
02:52
but also tales of Egyptian flying snakes
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ali i priče o egipatskim letećim zmijama
02:56
and practical advice on how to catch a crocodile.
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te korisne savjete kako uloviti krokodila.
03:00
The Greek word for this method of research is "autopsy,"
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Grčka riječ za ovakav način istraživanja je "obdukcija,"
03:03
meaning "seeing for oneself."
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što znači "vidjeti iz prve ruke."
03:06
Herodotus was the first writer to examine the past
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Herodot je bio prvi pisac koji je proučio prošlost
03:08
by combining the different kinds of evidence he collected:
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spajajući različite vrste prikupljenih dokaza:
03:12
opsis, or eyewitness accounts,
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opsis ili svjedočenja sudionika,
03:15
akoe, or hearsay,
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akoe ili prepričavanje
03:17
and ta legomena, or tradition.
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i ta legomena ili tradicija.
03:19
He then used gnome, or reason,
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Zatim je upotrijebio gnome ili razum
03:22
to reach conclusions about what actually happened.
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kako bi došao do zaključka što se zapravo dogodilo.
03:26
Many of the book's early readers were actually listeners.
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Većina prvih čitatelja te knjige zapravo su bili slušaoci.
03:29
The Histories was originally written in 28 sections,
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"Povijesti" su prvotno napisane u 28 dijelova,
03:33
each of which took about four hours to read aloud.
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a za pročitati svaki je trebalo 4h čitanja naglas.
03:37
As the Greeks increased in influence and power,
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Kako su Grci postajali sve utjecajniji i moćniji,
03:40
Herodotus's writing and the idea of history spread across the Mediterranean.
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Herodotov stil pisanja i doživljaj povijesti proširili su Sredozemljem.
03:46
As the first proper historian, Herodotus wasn't perfect.
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Kao prvi pravi povjesničar, Herodot nije bio bez mana.
03:49
On occasions, he favored the Greeks over the Persians
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Ponekad je bio naklonjeniji Grcima nego Perzijancima
03:53
and was too quick to believe some of the stories that he heard,
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te je prebrzo povjerovao nekim pričama
03:56
which made for inaccuracies.
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što je dovelo do raznih pogrešaka.
03:59
However, modern evidence has actually explained
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No noviji dokazi zapravo su objasnili
04:01
some of his apparently extreme claims.
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neke njegove dotad upitne tvrdnje.
04:04
For instance, there's a species of marmot in the Himalayas
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Primjerice, na Himalaji postoji vrsta svisca
04:08
that spreads gold dust while digging.
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koja tijekom kopanja iza sebe ostavlja zlatnu prašinu.
04:11
The ancient Persian word for marmot is quite close to the word for ant,
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Stara perzijska riječ za svisca veoma je slična riječi za mrava
04:16
so Herodotus may have just fallen prey to a translation error.
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pa je Herodot možda slučajno krivo preveo.
04:21
All in all, for someone who was writing in an entirely new style,
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Sve u svemu, za nekoga tko je pisao potpuno novim stilom,
04:25
Herodotus did remarkably well.
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Herodot je napravio odličan posao.
04:28
History, right down to the present day, has always suffered from the partiality
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Sve do današnjih dana, povijest je uvijek patila zbog pristranosti
04:32
and mistakes of historians.
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i pogrešaka povjesničara.
04:35
Herodotus’s method and creativity earned him the title
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Herodotova metoda i kreativnost donijele su mu naslov
04:38
that the Roman author Cicero gave him several hundred years later:
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koji mu je rimski car Ciceron nadjenuo nekoliko stotina godina kasnije:
04:42
"The Father of History."
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"Otac povijesti."
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