Indigenous knowledge meets science to take on climate change | Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim

譯者: Roland Li 審譯者: Helen Chang

I guess all of you have a smartphone or an iPhone,

我猜你們全都有智能手機或蘋果手機

and this morning, probably you checked on the weather,

今天早上，你大概查看了天氣

if its going to be rainy to carry your umbrella,

天會下雨嗎？需要帶雨傘嗎？

if it is going to be sunny to use your sunglasses,

會放晴嗎？需要太陽眼鏡嗎？

or if it is going to be cold to have an extra coat.

還是會帶涼意，需要多添衣？

It's going to give you, sometime, good information and sometime not.

它的資訊有時候很有用 有時則不然

Let me tell you,

我告訴你

my best app is my grandmother.

我最好的應用程式就是我祖母

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

She's called Mamadda.

她叫瑪瑪安達

She can tell you not only today's weather

她不但能告訴你今天的天氣

but she can predict the next 12 months,

她還能預測未來 12 個月

if it's going to be a good rain season or not.

會否常降沛雨甘霖

She can tell you just by observing her environment,

她只要觀察環境就知道

by observing the wind direction,

她觀察風向

the cloud position,

觀察雲的位置

the bird migration,

觀察雀鳥的遷徙

the size of fruits,

觀察果實的大小

the plant flowers.

觀察植物花卉

She can tell you by observing the behavior of her own cattle.

她只要觀察自己家畜的 行為表現就知道

That's how she knows better the weather and the ecosystem

她對居住一帶的天氣 和生態系統瞭如指掌

that she's living in.

就是這個原因

I'm coming from a pastoralist community

我來自牧民社群

who are cattle herders.

以看守家畜為生

We are nomadic.

我們是遊牧民族

We move from one place to another one

由一處遷移到他方

to find water and pasture.

逐水草而居

We can move up to a thousand kilometers, the size of California, within one year.

我們一年內可以跨越一千公里 就是加州那麼大的地方

And this life helps us to live in harmony with our ecosystem.

這種生活讓我們與生態系統和諧共存

We understand each other.

我們彼此了解

For us, the nature is our supermarket,

大自然就是我們的超級市場

where we can collect our food,

我們在大自然收集食物

our water.

收集飲水

It's our pharmacy where we can collect our medicinal plants.

大自然是我們的藥店 提供所需的醫藥植物

But it's our school,

大自然是我們的學校

where we can learn better how to protect it

它教導我們怎樣妥善保護它

and how it can give us back what we need.

我們也學會它會怎樣回饋我們

But with the climate change impact,

但氣候變化

we are experiencing a different impact.

對我們的影響也不盡相同

In my community,

我的社群

we have one of the top five fresh waters in Africa.

有全非洲五個最佳淡水水源中的一個

It's Lake Chad.

那就是查德湖

When my mother was born,

我媽媽出生的時候

Lake Chad used to be about 25,000 kilometers square of water.

查德湖的面積約二萬五千平方公里

When I was born, 30 years ago, it was 10,000 kilometers square.

到三十年前我出生時 它的面積是一萬平方公里

And actually now,

而實際上到了現在

it's about 1,200 kilometers square of water.

它只有約一千二百平方公里

Ninety percent of this water just evaporated, disappeared.

百分之九十的水蒸發消失了

And you have more than 40 million people

有四千多萬人

living around this lake and depending on it.

依湖過活、靠湖為生

They are pastoralists.

有牧場主

They are fishermen.

有漁夫

And they are farmers.

有農夫

They do not depend on the end of the month's salary.

他們不需要每個月靠薪資糊口

They depend on the rainfall.

他們靠的是雨水

They depend on the crops that are growing

靠的是自己種植的農作物

or the pasture for their cattle.

或他們家畜所需的牧場

The shrinking resources,

資源萎縮

you have many communities that are fighting to get access.

使多個社群相爭以搶佔資源

The first come is the first served.

先到先得

The second have to fight unto death.

後來的人就要打到你死我活

So climate change is impacting our environment

氣候變化正改變我們的社交生活

by changing our social life,

繼而影響我們的環境

because the role of man and woman in this region, it's different.

因為兩性在這個地區的角色是不同的

Man is supposed to feed his family,

男人應該養家活口

take care of his community,

照顧社群

and if he cannot do that,

如果做不到

his dignity is under threat.

就有損他的尊嚴

He cannot do anything else to pay it back.

任他使出渾身解數，也無法補救

So climate change takes our men far away from us.

氣候變化把男性帶到遠方

That is the migration.

也就是移居

They can migrate to a big city where they can stay for six or 12 months,

他們可以移居到大城市 住上一年半載

where they get a job, they can send back money.

找份工作，把錢寄回家

If they didn't get it,

如果他們賺不到錢

they have to jump into the Mediterranean

他們就要跳到地中海

and migrate to Europe.

移居到歐洲

Some of them die there, but none of them stop going.

有些人就在那邊死去 但沒有令人卻步

Of course, it's sad for the hosting country,

這對於東道國當然可悲

who are developed countries,

這些發達國家

who have to adapt to host the migrants coming.

需要適應和接收移民

But how about those who are left behind,

那對於留在故鄉的人呢？

the women and the children who have to play the role of men,

婦孺擔當男人的角色

the role of women,

女人的使命

who have to take care of the security,

變成確保家人的安全

of the food, of the health of the entire family,

確保一家大小不缺食物

children and old people?

身體健康

So those women for me, they are my heroes,

我覺得這些女性是英雄

because they are innovators, they are solution makers,

因為她們創新，她們會解決問題

they are changing the little of the resources

她們用僅餘的資源

into the big for the community.

讓整個社群豐足

So those are my people.

那是我的同胞

So we use our indigenous people's traditional knowledge

我們會用土著的傳統知識

to get better resilience to what we need to survive.

提高適應生存所需的能力

Our knowledge is not only for our communities.

我們的知識不只是供自己社群使用

It's to share with each and others who are living with us.

而是跟與我們同住的人互相分享

And indigenous peoples around the world

全世界的土著

are saving 80 percent of the world's biodiversity.

救活了全球百分之八十的多樣化生物

That's the scientists who say that.

這可是科學家說的

Indigenous peoples in the Amazon,

亞馬遜的土著

you can find the most diverse ecosystem, better than the national park.

擁有最多樣化的生態系統 甚至比國家公園裡的的更好

The indigenous peoples from the Pacific,

太平洋的土著

the grandma and the grandpa,

老公公、老太太

they know where to get food after the hurricane hits them.

在龍捲風襲擊後 知道要在哪裡找食物

So the knowledge that our peoples know

所以我們這群人的知識

is helping us to survive and helping other peoples also to survive

正幫助我們生存，也幫助其他人

the climate change impact.

讓他們在氣候變化中存活

The world is losing.

地球正節節敗退

We lost already 60 percent of the species,

我們損失了百分之六十的物種

and it's increasing every day.

這個數字每天上升

So one day, I took a scientist to my community.

有一天我把一位科學家帶到我的社群

I said, you are giving the good weather information through the TV and radio,

我說你在電視和電台上 發放有用的天氣資訊

but how about coming to my people?

不如親自講給我的族人聽？

And then they come,

族人來了

they sit around,

坐下了

and suddenly, as we are nomadic, we just start packing our stuff,

突然，因為我們是遊牧民族 大家都開始收拾行裝

and then they say, like, "Are we moving?"

然後科學家問：「要搬到別處嗎？」

I'm like, "No, we are not moving. It's going to rain."

我說：「不是。天要下雨了。」

And they're like, "Oh, there's no cloud. How do you know it's going to rain?"

他們說：「沒有雲啊。 你怎麼知道要下雨？」

We're like, "Yeah, it's going to rain." We pack our stuff.

我們說：「對啊，就是要下雨。」

我們繼續收拾

Suddenly, heavy rain starts coming,

突然，下起滂沱大雨

and we are seeing the scientist running around, hiding under trees

我們看著科學家走避，到樹下避雨

and protecting their stuff.

保護自己的行裝

We already packed ours.

我們早就收拾好了

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

After the end of the rain, the serious discussion starts.

雨停了，我們開始認真討論

They say, "How do you know that it's going to rain?"

他們問：「你們怎麼知道會下雨？」

We say, "Well, the old woman observed the insects

我們說：「老一輩的婦女留意到

taking the eggs inside their homes,

昆蟲把蟲卵帶回家

and while the insect cannot talk or watch TV,

雖然昆蟲不能說話或看電視

they know how to predict to protect their generations,

牠們知道如何保護後代

how to protect their food.

和如何保護食物

So for us it's the sign that it's going to rain

對我們來講，就是在幾小時內

in at maximum a couple of hours."

必定下雨的徵兆。」

And then they say,

他們就說：

well, we do have knowledge,

「我們雖有知識

but we do not combine ecological knowledge and weather knowledge all together.

但我們沒有把生態系統 和天氣資訊二合為一。」

So that's how I started working

我從此開始

with meteorological scientists and my communities

與自己的社群和氣象科學家聯手

to give better information to get peoples adapted to climate change.

發放更有用的資訊 讓人適應氣候變化

I think, if we put together all the knowledge systems that we have --

我想，如果我們 把所有知識系統結合起來

science, technology,

如科學、科技

traditional knowledge --

傳統知識等

we can give the best of us to protect our peoples,

我們便可盡己所能保護群眾

to protect our planet,

保護這星球

to restore the ecosystem that we are losing.

恢復正失去的生態系統

I did that in another way, also.

我還會用另一個方式去做

I used a tool that I really love a lot.

我用一個我很喜歡的工具

It's called a 3D participatory mapping:

它名為參與式立體模型

participatory, because it can bring women, men,

參與式的意思是它可以把男和女

youth, elders,

老和幼

all the intergenerational peoples.

幾代人都投入其中

Then they use science-based knowledge,

然後用科學為本的知識

and the community comes together, they build this map,

凝聚社群力量 ，建立模型

they figure out all the knowledge that we have

把我們所知的都分辨出來

about where is our sacred forest, where is our water point,

就是關於神聖森林和取水點的位置

where is our corridor,

走廊地帶的位置

where is the place that we move during each season.

每季遷移的地點等的知識

And these tools are amazing, because it's building capacity of women,

這工具的過人之處在於 它建立女性的地位

because in our communities

因為在我們的社群裡

women and men cannot sit together.

男女不能並坐

Men talk always, women just sitting there,

話總是男人說，女人只能坐著

but in the back.

而且坐在後方

They are not there to take any decision.

她們不能作任何決定

So after the men figure out all the knowledge,

當男人理清所有知識後

we say, well, you call the women, "Come and have a look."

就叫女人來：「來看看。」

They say, "Yes, sure,"

她們說：「好啊。」

because they've already done the first work.

因為前期的功夫她們都做了

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

When the women come,

女人來的時候

and they look at the map, they're like, "Mm, no."

她們看著模型，說：「這......不對。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

"This is wrong.

「這是錯的

Here's where I collect the medicine. Here's where I collect the food.

我是在這裡收集藥物 在那裡收集食物

Here's where I collect --"

我是在這裡......」

So we changed the knowledge in the map,

我們就把模型上的知識改了

and we called the men.

我們叫男人過來

Well, they think about what women say.

他們思考女人說的話

All of them shaking their heads.

全都在搖頭

"They are right. They are right.

「她們是對的，她們是對的

They are right."

她們是對的」

So that's how we build the capacity of the women

這就是我們建立女性地位的方法

in giving them a voice

讓她們在建構模型上得以發聲

in this 3D participatory mapping,

so women get the detailed knowledge

女性擁有較細緻的知識

that can help the community to adapt.

能幫助社群適應

And man have the bigger picture knowledge.

而男性有比較宏觀的知識

So when we put it together,

當我們把兩者合而為一

this map helps them to discuss

模型幫助他們討論

but to mitigate the conflict between the communities

也緩和了社群間為了爭奪資源

to access the resources,

引發的衝突

to share better these resources,

讓資源分配更平均

to restore it

讓資源得以復元

and to manage it for the long term.

讓人可長遠管理資源

Our knowledge is very useful.

我們的知識很有用

Indigenous peoples' knowledge

土著的知識

are very crucial for our planet.

對這星球至關重要

It's crucial for all the peoples.

這知識對所有人都重要

Science knowledge was discovered 200 years ago,

科學知識二百年前被發掘

technology 100 years ago,

科技在一百年前開始發展

but indigenous peoples' knowledge, it's thousands of years ago.

但土著的知識有著千年歷史

So why we cannot put all of these together,

我們何不集百家之大成

combine those three knowledges

把三種知識結合起來

and give the better resilience

讓民眾更加適應

to the peoples who are getting the impact of climate change?

氣候變化帶來的影響

And now it's not only the developing countries.

現在不只發展中的國家

It's the developed countries also.

發達國家亦然

We saw the hurricane. We saw the flood around all the places.

我們看到龍捲風 看到各地的水災

We saw the fire, even here in California.

看到火災，就連加州這邊也有

So we need all this knowledge to come together.

所以我們需要集結知識

We need the people in the center.

我們需要讓人參與其中

And we need the decision makers to change,

我們需要決策者去改變

scientists tell them,

科學家叫他們改變

and we tell them,

我們叫他們改變

and we do have this knowledge.

我們確實有這些知識

We have 10 years to change it.

我們有十年時間改變現狀

Ten years is nothing,

十年其實一瞬即逝

so we need to act all together

我們需要一起行動

and we need to act right now.

我們需要馬上行動

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）