Barbara Block: Tagging tuna in the deep ocean

24,748 views ・ 2010-10-06

TED


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譯者: Crystal Tu 審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:15
I've been fascinated for a lifetime
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我一直都為
00:18
by the beauty, form and function
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大型黑鮪的型態與功能美
00:20
of giant bluefin tuna.
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所吸引。
00:23
Bluefin are warmblooded like us.
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黑鮪魚像我們一樣,都是恆溫動物,
00:26
They're the largest of the tunas,
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是體型最大的鮪魚,
00:29
the second-largest fish in the sea -- bony fish.
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也是海中第二大的硬骨魚。
00:32
They actually are a fish
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實際上,牠們是
00:34
that is endothermic --
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內溫魚類,
00:36
powers through the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal.
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像哺乳類一樣,以溫暖肌肉橫越海洋
00:40
That's one of our bluefin at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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這是我們在Monterrey灣海生館中的一隻黑鮪魚
00:43
You can see in its shape and its streamlined design
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你可以看到牠的流線體型
00:46
it's powered for ocean swimming.
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這是牠們長距游泳的動力來源
00:49
It flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins, gets lift,
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藉由牠的胸鰭滑翔取得升力,橫越海洋
00:52
powers its movements
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並以半月形的尾鰭
00:54
with a lunate tail.
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提供前進的動力
00:56
It's actually got a naked skin for most of its body,
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牠的身體表面大多光溜溜的
00:59
so it reduces friction with the water.
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可以減少阻力
01:02
This is what one of nature's finest machines.
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這是自然界裡最棒的設計
01:05
Now, bluefin
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黑鮪魚
01:07
were revered by Man
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在人類史中
01:09
for all of human history.
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一直備受尊崇
01:12
For 4,000 years, we fished sustainably for this animal,
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四千年以來,我們以永續方式合理捕捉鮪魚
01:15
and it's evidenced
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而這可從
01:17
in the art that we see
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一千年前的
01:19
from thousands of years ago.
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史前藝術中得到證據
01:21
Bluefin are in cave paintings in France.
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黑鮪魚出現法國的洞穴壁畫上
01:24
They're on coins
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以及三千年前的
01:26
that date back 3,000 years.
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硬幣上
01:29
This fish was revered by humankind.
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牠們受人類景仰
01:32
It was fished sustainably
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好幾個世代以來,
01:34
till all of time,
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人們合理的捕捉黑鮪
01:36
except for our generation.
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除了我們這個世代以外
01:38
Bluefin are pursued wherever they go --
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人們四處追捕黑鮪
01:41
there is a gold rush on Earth,
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現在地球上有個淘金潮,
01:43
and this is a gold rush for bluefin.
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就是針對黑鮪魚
01:45
There are traps that fish sustainably
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我們擁有可以永續捕捉的網具,
01:47
up until recently.
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直到最近,
01:50
And yet, the type of fishing going on today,
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現在的漁業捕撈,
01:53
with pens, with enormous stakes,
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是用筆,夾帶著巨大利益,
01:56
is really wiping bluefin
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將黑鮪魚從
01:58
ecologically off the planet.
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整個地球生態中抹除
02:00
Now bluefin, in general,
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一般來說,捕獲的黑鮪
02:02
goes to one place: Japan.
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都會往日本送
02:04
Some of you may be guilty
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在你們之中
02:06
of having contributed to the demise of bluefin.
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也許有些人就是造成黑鮪滅絕的共犯
02:08
They're delectable muscle,
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牠們易感的肌肉
02:10
rich in fat --
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富含脂肪,
02:12
absolutely taste delicious.
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非常美味
02:14
And that's their problem; we're eating them to death.
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這就是問題所在,我們把牠給吃光了
02:17
Now in the Atlantic, the story is pretty simple.
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在大西洋的狀況很簡單
02:20
Bluefin have two populations: one large, one small.
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黑鮪有兩個族群, 一大一小。
02:23
The North American population
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北美族群的
02:25
is fished at about 2,000 ton.
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捕撈量大約在兩千噸左右。
02:28
The European population and North African -- the Eastern bluefin tuna --
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歐洲北非的族群 -- 俗稱東方黑鮪 --
02:31
is fished at tremendous levels:
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捕撈量相當巨大:
02:34
50,000 tons over the last decade almost every year.
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在過去十年裡,幾乎年年超過五萬噸。
02:37
The result is whether you're looking
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因此,不論你檢視
02:39
at the West or the Eastern bluefin population,
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西方還是東方黑鮪族群
02:42
there's been tremendous decline on both sides,
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兩者的數量都有顯著減少,
02:44
as much as 90 percent
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下降幅度最多有九成
02:46
if you go back with your baseline
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如果以
02:48
to 1950.
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1950年做基準線的話
02:50
For that, bluefin have been given a status
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所以,人們認定黑鮪魚具有
02:53
equivalent to tigers, to lions,
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相當於老虎、獅子
02:56
to certain African elephants
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、某些非洲象
02:58
and to pandas.
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和熊貓的地位。
03:00
These fish have been proposed
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並在過去兩個月裡,提議將黑鮪魚
03:02
for an endangered species listing in the past two months.
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列入瀕臨滅絕生物表中
03:05
They were voted on and rejected
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兩週前的表決結果
03:07
just two weeks ago,
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未通過
03:09
despite outstanding science
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即使有兩個委員會提供
03:11
that shows from two committees
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大量的科學證據表示
03:14
this fish meets the criteria of CITES I.
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此魚符合CITES I (瀕危生物公約) 標準。
03:17
And if it's tunas you don't care about,
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如果你不在乎黑鮪
03:19
perhaps you might be interested
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或許你會對以下這些有興趣:
03:21
that international long lines and pursing
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國際延繩釣和圍網
03:23
chase down tunas and bycatch animals
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不只捕撈鮪魚,同時也會抓到其他動物
03:26
such as leatherbacks, sharks,
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如革龜、鯊魚、
03:28
marlin, albatross.
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還有旗魚和信天翁
03:30
These animals and their demise
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這些動物的死亡
03:32
occurs in the tuna fisheries.
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常因鮪魚漁業而起
03:35
The challenge we face
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我們現在所面臨的挑戰是
03:37
is that we know very little about tuna,
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我們對鮪魚所知不多:
03:40
and everyone in the room knows what it looks like
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在座各位都知道
03:43
when an African lion
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一隻非洲獅
03:45
takes down its prey.
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將其獵物撲倒時,是甚麼樣子,
03:47
I doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed.
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但我不相信有人看過一隻巨大的黑鮪魚捕食
03:50
This tuna symbolizes
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這隻鮪魚代表的是
03:53
what's the problem for all of us in the room.
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我們共同的問題
03:56
It's the 21st century, but we really have only just begun
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現在是二十一世紀,但我們才剛剛開始
03:59
to really study our oceans in a deep way.
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真正深入地研究海洋
04:02
Technology has come of age
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當今的科技已成熟到
04:04
that's allowing us to see the Earth from space
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能讓我們自外太空看地球,
04:07
and go deep into the seas remotely.
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並從遠端深入海洋。
04:10
And we've got to use these technologies immediately
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而我們得馬上運用這些科技
04:12
to get a better understanding
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來了解
04:14
of how our ocean realm works.
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海洋是如何運作的
04:17
Most of us from the ship -- even I --
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大多數在船上的人,包括我在內
04:19
look out at the ocean and see this homogeneous sea.
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所看到的海的是一個單調的平面
04:22
We don't know where the structure is.
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不了解海洋的結構
04:24
We can't tell where are the watering holes
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也無法像在非洲大平原上那樣
04:27
like we can on an African plain.
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分辨出哪裡是汲水區
04:30
We can't see the corridors,
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看不出生態廊道所在
04:32
and we can't see what it is
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也不曉得
04:34
that brings together a tuna,
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是甚麼力量將鮪魚、
04:36
a leatherback and an albatross.
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革龜和信天翁聚集在一起。
04:38
We're only just beginning to understand
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我們才剛開始了解
04:40
how the physical oceanography
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在海洋裡,物理和
04:42
and the biological oceanography
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生物因素
04:44
come together
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如何結合
04:46
to create a seasonal force
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產生季節性的動力
04:48
that actually causes the upwelling
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造成湧升流
04:50
that might make a hot spot a hope spot.
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產生生物熱點,帶來生存希望
04:53
The reasons these challenges are great
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這是很艱鉅的挑戰
04:55
is that technically it's difficult to go to sea.
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因為直接進到海裡有技術上的困難
04:58
It's hard to study a bluefin on its turf,
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我們很難在黑鮪魚的地盤
05:00
the entire Pacific realm.
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也就是整個太平洋裡做研究
05:02
It's really tough to get up close and personal with a mako shark
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要靠近鯖鯊到非常親密的距離
05:06
and try to put a tag on it.
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然後試著把標識器固定上去,是非常困難的
05:08
And then imagine being Bruce Mate's team from OSU,
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想像你是奧瑞岡州立大學Bruce Mate博士團隊的一員,
05:11
getting up close to a blue whale
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要接近一隻藍鯨,
05:13
and fixing a tag on the blue whale that stays,
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並把標識器牢牢固定在藍鯨身上
05:16
an engineering challenge
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這是很大的技術挑戰
05:18
we've yet to really overcome.
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而我們依舊未能克服這點
05:20
So the story of our team, a dedicated team,
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所以我們團隊,這個專注奉獻的團隊
05:23
is fish and chips.
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做的事情不出就是魚和晶片
05:25
We basically are taking
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我們利用晶片,也就是
05:27
the same satellite phone parts,
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與衛星電話
05:29
or the same parts that are in your computer, chips.
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以及你電腦裡相同的零件
05:32
We're putting them together in unusual ways,
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用獨特的方式組合
05:35
and this is taking us into the ocean realm
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然後便這可以將我們帶到前所未經的
05:37
like never before.
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大海裡
05:39
And for the first time,
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這是人們第一次
05:41
we're able to watch the journey of a tuna beneath the ocean
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實際觀察鮪魚在海面下的移動路徑
05:44
using light and photons
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藉由光和光子
05:46
to measure sunrise and sunset.
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去測量日升日落,取得時間資料
05:49
Now, I've been working with tunas for over 15 years.
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我與鮪魚為伍已有十五年了
05:52
I have the privilege of being a partner
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很榮幸能與
05:54
with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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合作
05:56
We've actually taken a sliver of the ocean,
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截取一部分的大海
05:58
put it behind glass,
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放進水槽裡
06:00
and we together
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然後一起
06:02
have put bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna on display.
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將黑鮪與黃鰭鮪展示起來
06:05
When the veil of bubbles lifts every morning,
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每天早上當泡沫消散後
06:08
we can actually see a community from the Pelagic ocean,
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便能親眼目睹一個遠洋的生物群聚
06:11
one of the only places on Earth
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這是地球上少數
06:13
you can see giant bluefin swim by.
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能讓你見到巨大黑鮪悠遊的地方
06:16
We can see in their beauty of form and function,
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讚嘆牠那型態與功能的美
06:19
their ceaseless activity.
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以及毫不停歇的驚人活動力
06:21
They're flying through their space, ocean space.
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牠們在海洋裡飛翔著
06:24
And we can bring two million people a year
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這個展覽每年可以吸引兩百萬人
06:26
into contact with this fish
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和牠們接觸
06:28
and show them its beauty.
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欣賞鮪魚的美
06:31
Behind the scenes is a working lab at Stanford University
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這裡的幕後推手是史丹佛大學的一間實驗室
06:34
partnered with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
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與Monterrey灣水族館
06:36
Here, for over 14 or 15 years,
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十餘年來
06:38
we've actually brought in
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我們真的將
06:40
both bluefin and yellowfin in captivity.
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黑鮪和黃鰭鮪帶進水族館中
06:42
We'd been studying these fish,
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要研究這些魚之前
06:44
but first we had to learn how to husbandry them.
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得先學習如何飼養牠們
06:46
What do they like to eat?
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牠們喜歡吃什麼?
06:48
What is it that they're happy with?
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什麼事能讓牠們開心起來?
06:50
We go in the tanks with the tuna -- we touch their naked skin --
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我們跳進養著鮪魚的水槽裡,摸著牠們的光滑的皮膚
06:53
it's pretty amazing. It feels wonderful.
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那感覺非常美妙,棒極了
06:56
And then, better yet,
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而且更棒的是
06:58
we've got our own version of tuna whisperers,
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我們有我們自己的馴魚員
07:00
our own Chuck Farwell, Alex Norton,
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Chuck Farwell和Alex Norton
07:02
who can take a big tuna
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可以將一隻巨大的鮪魚
07:04
and in one motion,
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用一個動作
07:06
put it into an envelope of water,
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便放到水籠裡
07:08
so that we can actually work with the tuna
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讓我們實際觀察鮪魚
07:10
and learn the techniques it takes
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並學習需要如何
07:12
to not injure this fish
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避免傷害這些
07:14
who never sees a boundary in the open sea.
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在汪洋裡不知邊界的大魚
07:17
Jeff and Jason there, are scientists
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Jeff和Jason兩位科學家負責
07:19
who are going to take a tuna
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把鮪魚
07:21
and put it in the equivalent of a treadmill, a flume.
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放到一個作用類似跑步機的水槽
07:24
And that tuna thinks it's going to Japan, but it's staying in place.
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讓鮪魚以為牠要游到日本,但其實只是原地踏步
07:27
We're actually measuring its oxygen consumption,
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同時測量氧氣和
07:29
its energy consumption.
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能量消耗
07:32
We're taking this data and building better models.
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利用這些資料來建立更完善的鮪魚移動模式
07:35
And when I see that tuna -- this is my favorite view --
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每當我看到鮪魚 -- 我喜歡從這個角度想 --
07:38
I begin to wonder:
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就會開始思考
07:40
how did this fish solve the longitude problem before we did?
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牠們是如何早我們一步解決經度位置的問題
07:44
So take a look at that animal.
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仔細觀察這個動物
07:46
That's the closest you'll probably ever get.
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這大概是你能離牠最近的距離
07:48
Now, the activities from the lab
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現在,實驗室研究得到的訊息
07:51
have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean.
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讓我們知道怎樣在野外研究牠們
07:54
So in a program called Tag-A-Giant
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在 "大魚標記" 的計畫中,
07:57
we've actually gone from Ireland to Canada,
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從愛爾蘭到加拿大,
08:00
from Corsica to Spain.
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從科西嘉島到西班牙都有我們的足跡
08:02
We've fished with many nations around the world
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和世界上許多國家一起出海捕魚,
08:05
in an effort to basically
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努力把
08:07
put electronic computers
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電腦放進
08:10
inside giant tunas.
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巨大鮪魚的身體裡
08:12
We've actually tagged 1,100 tunas.
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我們已經標記了1,100隻鮪魚
08:15
And I'm going to show you three clips,
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我現在要給大家看三個短片,
08:17
because I tagged 1,100 tunas.
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那1,100隻鮪魚都是我標記的
08:20
It's a very hard process, but it's a ballet.
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這個步驟非常困難,就像芭蕾一樣精巧
08:23
We bring the tuna out, we measure it.
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我們先將鮪魚拉出水麵,進行各種測量
08:26
A team of fishers, captains, scientists and technicians
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一個包括漁夫、船長、科學家與技術員集結而成的團隊
08:29
work together to keep this animal out of the ocean
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共同合作讓大魚能離開水中
08:32
for about four to five minutes.
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大約四到五分鐘
08:35
We put water over its gills, give it oxygen.
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在牠的鰓上倒水,給牠氧氣
08:38
And then with a lot of effort, after tagging,
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然後費盡一番功夫標記完後
08:41
putting in the computer,
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再把電腦放進去
08:43
making sure the stalk is sticking out so it senses the environment,
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確定感應桿有露出來,這樣才能偵測外界環境
08:46
we send this fish back into the sea.
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然後就把這隻魚放回海中
08:49
And when it goes, we're always happy.
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當牠游走時,大家都很開心
08:51
We see a flick of the tail.
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看牠的尾鰭輕擺
08:53
And from our data that gets collected,
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從回收到的標識器中
08:56
when that tag comes back,
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所收集的資訊
08:58
because a fisher returns it
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喔,這是因為當漁夫發現並歸還標識器的話
09:00
for a thousand-dollar reward,
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可以得到一千美金的酬金
09:02
we can get tracks beneath the sea
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我們可以追蹤海下活動
09:04
for up to five years now,
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達到五年之久
09:06
on a backboned animal.
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這些資料都是從一隻脊椎動物身上來的
09:08
Now sometimes the tunas are really large,
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有時候鮪魚相當巨大,
09:11
such as this fish off Nantucket.
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比如說這隻Nantucket灣外捕到的魚
09:13
But that's about half the size
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不過那大約只有我們標記過
09:15
of the biggest tuna we've ever tagged.
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最大那隻鮪魚的一半大
09:17
It takes a human effort,
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這需要人力,
09:19
a team effort, to bring the fish in.
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要整組人同心協力,才可將魚抓起來
09:21
In this case, what we're going to do
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在這裡,我們將會
09:23
is put a pop-up satellite archival tag on the tuna.
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把一個上脫型衛星標識器放到鮪魚身上
09:27
This tag rides on the tuna,
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這標識器待在鮪魚背上
09:29
senses the environment around the tuna
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感受到鮪魚周圍的環境,
09:32
and actually will come off the fish,
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最後從魚身上脫落
09:35
detach, float to the surface
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離開魚身,然後浮到海面
09:37
and send back to Earth-orbiting satellites
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並將資料傳送到繞地運行的衛星上
09:40
position data estimated by math on the tag,
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包括計算所得的位置資訊
09:43
pressure data and temperature data.
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以及壓力與溫度數據
09:46
And so what we get then from the pop-up satellite tag
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從上脫型衛星標識器裡,我們可以
09:48
is we get away from having to have a human interaction
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不用透過人工接觸
09:51
to recapture the tag.
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進行標記回收
09:53
Both the electronic tags I'm talking about are expensive.
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我提到的這兩種電子標識器都很昂貴
09:56
These tags have been engineered
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而這些標識器
09:58
by a variety of teams in North America.
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是北美許多團隊的心血結晶
10:01
They are some of our finest instruments,
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是目前我們在海洋中
10:03
our new technology in the ocean today.
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運用的最先端科技
10:07
One community in general
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有一個漁業社群
10:09
has given more to help us than any other community.
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給我們的協助比其他人更多
10:11
And that's the fisheries off the state of North Carolina.
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那就是北卡羅萊納州的漁業社群
10:14
There are two villages, Harris and Morehead City,
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那邊有兩個村莊,Harris和Morehead市,
10:17
every winter for over a decade,
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在過去的十幾年裡,每年冬天都
10:19
held a party called Tag-A-Giant,
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會舉辦"大魚標記"派對
10:22
and together, fishers worked with us
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漁民和我們合作
10:24
to tag 800 to 900 fish.
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標記八九百隻魚
10:27
In this case, we're actually going to measure the fish.
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這時,我們不僅進行各種測量
10:30
We're going to do something that in recent years we've started:
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近年來我們更開始
10:33
take a mucus sample.
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採集黏液樣本
10:35
Watch how shiny the skin is; you can see my reflection there.
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看看這表皮多光滑,你還可以看到我的倒影
10:38
And from that mucus, we can get gene profiles,
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從黏液樣本裡,我們可以得到遺傳資料
10:41
we can get information on gender,
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知道性別
10:43
checking the pop-up tag one more time,
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再次確認標識器是否牢固以後
10:45
and then it's out in the ocean.
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就可以把魚放回海裡
10:47
And this is my favorite.
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這是我最愛的一張圖
10:49
With the help of my former postdoc, Gareth Lawson,
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是我一個已經畢業的博士生,Gareth Lawson做的
10:52
this is a gorgeous picture of a single tuna.
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這是單隻鮪魚的美麗影像
10:54
This tuna is actually moving on a numerical ocean.
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牠悠游於海洋量測的數據裡
10:57
The warm is the Gulf Stream,
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溫暖的部份是墨西哥灣流
10:59
the cold up there in the Gulf of Maine.
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上面較冷部份是在緬因灣
11:02
That's where the tuna wants to go -- it wants to forage on schools of herring --
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那就是鮪魚想要去的地方,在那裡覓食,吃那一群群的鯡魚
11:05
but it can't get there. It's too cold.
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但牠沒辦法進去,因為太冷了
11:07
But then it warms up, and the tuna pops in, gets some fish,
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當暖和一些時,鮪魚就冒出來,抓一些魚
11:10
maybe comes back to home base,
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然後可能會回到原點
11:12
goes in again
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再次出現
11:14
and then comes back to winter down there in North Carolina
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之後回到北卡羅來納州過冬,
11:17
and then on to the Bahamas.
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接著到巴哈馬群島那裡
11:19
And my favorite scene, three tunas going into the Gulf of Mexico.
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這是我最喜歡的景象,三隻鮪魚進入墨西哥灣
11:22
Three tunas tagged.
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三隻有標記的鮪魚
11:24
Astronomically, we're calculating positions.
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利用衛星,我們可以計算位置
11:26
They're coming together. That could be tuna sex --
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牠們要聚在一起,可能是要交配
11:29
and there it is.
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然後
11:31
That is where the tuna spawn.
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鮪魚就在那裡產卵,繁衍後代
11:33
So from data like this,
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從這樣的資料中
11:35
we're able now to put the map up,
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我們可以建立這樣的地圖
11:37
and in this map
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而從地圖上
11:39
you see thousands of positions
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你可以看到上千個位置點
11:41
generated by this decade and a half of tagging.
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是十五年來的標記所得到的資訊
11:44
And now we're showing that tunas on the western side
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現在我們可以證明,在西方的鮪魚
11:47
go to the eastern side.
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會往東方移動
11:49
So two populations of tunas --
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因此兩個鮪魚族群--
11:51
that is, we have a Gulf population, one that we can tag --
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就是灣流族群,一個我們可以標記的族群--
11:53
they go to the Gulf of Mexico, I showed you that --
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會往墨西哥灣移動,就像我之前講的
11:56
and a second population.
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而另一個族群,
11:58
Living amongst our tunas -- our North American tunas --
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生活在北美的鮪魚之中
12:00
are European tunas that go back to the Med.
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是歐洲鮪魚族群,會洄游到地中海
12:03
On the hot spots -- the hope spots --
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在生物熱點,提供生存希望的地方
12:05
they're mixed populations.
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兩個族群混合為一
12:07
And so what we've done with the science
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這就是我們用科學證實的
12:09
is we're showing the International Commission,
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讓國際委員會了解,
12:11
building new models,
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要如何建立新的族群模型
12:13
showing them that a two-stock no-mixing model --
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讓他們知道,分離漁群模型
12:15
to this day, used to reject
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也就是用來抵制
12:18
the CITES treaty --
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將鮪魚列入CITES的模型
12:20
that model isn't the right model.
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是錯誤的
12:22
This model, a model of overlap,
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而這個族群重疊的模型
12:24
is the way to move forward.
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才是我們繼續討論議題的依據
12:26
So we can then predict
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可以用來預估
12:28
where management places should be.
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如何劃分管理區域
12:30
Places like the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean
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像墨西哥灣和地中海兩區
12:33
are places where the single species,
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是單一物種
12:35
the single population, can be captured.
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捕捉的是單一族群
12:37
These become forthright in places we need to protect.
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這就是我們首先應當保護的區域
12:40
The center of the Atlantic where the mixing is,
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在大西洋中央,族群混合的地點
12:43
I could imagine a policy that lets Canada and America fish,
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我想加拿大和美國的捕撈政策應該很有效
12:45
because they manage their fisheries well,
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因為他們的漁業管理非常好
12:48
they're doing a good job.
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表現優秀
12:50
But in the international realm,
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但在公海
12:52
where fishing and overfishing has really gone wild,
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過漁十分猖獗
12:54
these are the places that we have to make hope spots in.
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這就是我們要建立生物希望點的地方
12:57
That's the size they have to be to protect the bluefin tuna.
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這是保護黑鮪族群所需要的大小
13:00
Now in a second project
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我們另外一個計畫
13:02
called Tagging of Pacific Pelagics,
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"太平洋遠洋標記"
13:04
we took on the planet as a team,
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我們將地球看作一個整體
13:06
those of us in the Census of Marine Life.
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在海洋生物普查計畫裡的同仁,
13:08
And, funded primarily through Sloan Foundation and others,
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主要由Sloan基金會和其他的機構資助,
13:12
we were able to actually go in, in our project --
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使計劃得以進行
13:15
we're one of 17 field programs
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這是十七個野外計畫之一
13:17
and begin to take on tagging large numbers of predators,
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開始標記大量的掠食者
13:20
not just tunas.
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而不只是鮪魚
13:22
So what we've done
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我們已經完成的包括
13:24
is actually gone up to tag salmon shark in Alaska,
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往北方去,標記阿拉斯加的鮭鯊
13:27
met salmon shark on their home territory,
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在鮭鯊的活動範圍裡和牠們相遇
13:30
followed them catching salmon
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跟著牠們捕鮭魚,
13:32
and then went in and figured out
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然後回去思考,
13:34
that, if we take a salmon and put it on a line,
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如果我們線的一端綁上鮭魚
13:37
we can actually take up a salmon shark --
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就可以釣上一隻鮭鯊
13:39
This is the cousin of the white shark --
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牠們是大白鯊的近親
13:41
and very carefully --
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所以要非常小心的…
13:43
note, I say "very carefully," --
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你聽到我說要”非常小心“
13:45
we can actually keep it calm,
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…讓他穩定下來
13:47
put a hose in its mouth, keep it off the deck
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在牠嘴裡塞個水管,避免直接放在甲板上,
13:50
and then tag it with a satellite tag.
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然後繫上衛星標識器
13:53
That satellite tag will now have your shark phone home
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那個標識器讓你的鯊魚可以打電話回家
13:56
and send in a message.
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並傳訊息回來
13:58
And that shark leaping there, if you look carefully, has an antenna.
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然後那隻在跳躍的鯊魚,如果你仔細看,就會看到牠背上的天線。
14:01
It's a free swimming shark with a satellite tag
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那是隻有衛星標識器的野外鯊魚
14:03
jumping after salmon,
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追逐鮭魚,
14:05
sending home its data.
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將牠的數據傳回去
14:09
Salmon sharks aren't the only sharks we tag.
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鮭鯊不是我們所標記的唯一一種鯊魚
14:11
But there goes salmon sharks with this meter-level resolution
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不過你可以看到鮭鯊在這張解析度僅數公尺的
14:14
on an ocean of temperature -- warm colors are warmer.
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海表溫圖上 -- 溫暖的顏色表示較溫暖 --
14:17
Salmon sharks go down
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鮭鯊會往下
14:19
to the tropics to pup
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到熱帶去繁衍後代
14:21
and come into Monterey.
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然後進入Monterrey灣
14:23
Now right next door in Monterey and up at the Farallones
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現在隔壁Monterrey與Farallones
14:26
are a white shark team led by Scott Anderson -- there --
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有一個專門研究大白鯊的小組,由Scott Anderson
14:28
and Sal Jorgensen.
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和Sal Jorgensen領導
14:30
They can throw out a target --
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牠們會拋出一個標的
14:32
it's a carpet shaped like a seal --
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一個形狀像海豹的地毯 --
14:34
and in will come a white shark, a curious critter
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大白鯊就會游過來,牠們的好奇心很重
14:37
that will come right up to our 16-ft. boat.
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直接游到我們16 英呎長的船邊
14:40
It's a several thousand-pound animal.
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大白鯊有幾千磅重
14:42
And we'll wind in the target.
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我們會瞄準目標
14:45
And we'll place an acoustic tag
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然後以聲學標識器做標記
14:47
that says, "OMSHARK 10165,"
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上面寫著 "OMSHARK 10165"
14:49
or something like that, acoustically with a ping.
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的字樣,訊息以聲波傳送
14:52
And then we'll put on a satellite tag
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接著再以衛星標識器標記
14:54
that will give us the long-distance journeys
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這可以提供長距離旅行的資訊
14:57
with the light-based geolocation algorithms
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藉由以感光定位演算法
14:59
solved on the computer that's on the fish.
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在魚身上的電腦進行運算
15:02
So in this case, Sal's looking at two tags there,
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在這裡,Sal正在觀察兩個標識
15:05
and there they are: the white sharks of California
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就在這裡: 在加州的大白鯊
15:08
going off to the white shark cafe and coming back.
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要往白鯊咖啡廳去,然後再游回來
15:12
We also tag makos with our NOAA colleagues,
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我們和海洋大氣總局合作
15:14
blue sharks.
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一同標記鯖鯊和藍鯊
15:16
And now, together, what we can see
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現在我們看到的是
15:18
on this ocean of color that's temperature,
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以顏色標記溫度的海洋
15:20
we can see ten-day worms of makos and salmon sharks.
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還有十天內鯖鯊和鮭鯊的移動軌跡
15:24
We have white sharks and blue sharks.
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以及大白鯊和藍鯊
15:26
For the first time,
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這是第一次
15:28
an ecoscape as large as ocean-scale,
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我們在和海洋一樣大的生態尺度下
15:30
showing where the sharks go.
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觀察鯊魚的移動
15:33
The tuna team from TOPP has done the unthinkable:
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TOPP的鮪魚團隊的成就相當不可思議
15:36
three teams tagged 1,700 tunas,
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三個團隊標記了一千七百隻鮪魚
15:39
bluefin, yellowfin and albacore
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有黑鮪、黃鰭鮪和長鰭鮪
15:41
all at the same time --
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全都是同時進行的
15:43
carefully rehearsed tagging programs
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他們小心地演練標記步驟
15:45
in which we go out, pick up juvenile tunas,
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我們在野外拉上未成熟的鮪魚
15:48
put in the tags that actually have the sensors,
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來進行標記,而讓感測器
15:51
stick out the tuna
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伸出鮪魚體外
15:53
and then let them go.
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再放回海裡
15:55
They get returned, and when they get returned,
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牠們會回來,而當牠們回來時
15:57
here on a NASA numerical ocean
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這裡是NASA的海洋數值模擬
16:00
you can see bluefin in blue
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你可以看到這藍色的就是黑鮪
16:02
go across their corridor,
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穿越廊道
16:04
returning to the Western Pacific.
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回到西太平洋
16:07
Our team from UCSC has tagged elephant seals
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我們自加州大學Santa Cruz分校的團隊標記象海豹
16:10
with tags that are glued on their heads, that come off when they slough.
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把標識器黏在牠們頭頂,換毛的時候便會脫落
16:13
These elephant seals cover half an ocean,
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這些象海豹遍佈半個海洋
16:16
take data down to 1,800 feet --
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取得深入水底達1800呎的資料
16:18
amazing data.
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非常驚人
16:20
And then there's Scott Shaffer and our shearwaters
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這是Scott Shaffer和海鷗
16:23
wearing tuna tags, light-based tags,
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牠們帶著鮪魚的標識器
16:26
that now are going to take you from New Zealand to Monterey and back,
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從紐西蘭飛到Monterrey再飛回來
16:29
journeys of 35,000 nautical miles
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整個旅程長達35000海哩
16:32
we had never seen before.
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是我們從未見過的
16:34
But now with light-based geolocation tags that are very small,
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現在,感光定位標識器可以縮的很小
16:37
we can actually see these journeys.
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讓我們看到更多這樣的旅程
16:39
Same thing with Laysan albatross
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像是黑背信天翁
16:41
who travel an entire ocean
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橫越整個海洋
16:43
on a trip sometimes,
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有時牠們會進入
16:45
up to the same zone the tunas use.
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和鮪魚一樣的區域
16:47
You can see why they might be caught.
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你可以知道牠們是怎麼被誤捕的
16:50
Then there's George Schillinger and our leatherback team out of Playa Grande
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這是George Schillinger和我們的革龜團隊在Playa Grande
16:53
tagging leatherbacks
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標記革龜
16:55
that go right past where we are.
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牠們會經過這裡
16:58
And Scott Benson's team
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還有Scott Benson的團隊
17:00
that showed that leatherbacks go from Indonesia
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從他們的研究顯示革龜會從印尼
17:02
all the way to Monterey.
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一陸游到Monterrey來
17:04
So what we can see on this moving ocean
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在這個繁忙的大海裡
17:07
is we can finally see where the predators are.
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我們總算知道掠食者的所在位置
17:10
We can actually see how they're using ecospaces
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可以了解牠們怎樣利用
17:13
as large as an ocean.
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像海洋這樣廣大的空間
17:15
And from this information,
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從這些資訊裡
17:17
we can begin to map the hope spots.
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可以開始標記生物希望點
17:20
So this is just three years of data right here --
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這些只是三年的資料
17:22
and there's a decade of this data.
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而我們紀錄了近十年
17:24
We see the pulse and the seasonal activities
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觀察這些生物的
17:26
that these animals are going on.
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族群動向和季節活動
17:30
So what we're able to do with this information
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藉由這些資料
17:32
is boil it down to hot spots,
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我們可以歸納出幾個生物熱點
17:35
4,000 deployments,
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4000次行動
17:37
a huge herculean task,
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這是一項龐大而艱鉅的任務
17:40
2,000 tags
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共使用2000個標識器
17:42
in an area, shown here for the first time,
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在同一區域裡,就在這裡
17:44
off the California coast,
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加州的外海
17:46
that appears to be a gathering place.
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很可能是一個聚集點
17:50
And then for sort of an encore from these animals,
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然後這些動物也以實際的協助
17:53
they're helping us.
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來回報我們
17:55
They're carrying instruments
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牠們將測量儀器
17:57
that are actually taking data down to 2,000 meters.
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帶到2000公尺深的海裡收集資料
18:00
They're taking information from our planet
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並且能在地球上
18:02
at very critical places like Antarctica and the Poles.
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像是南北極這樣的極端環境進行測量
18:05
Those are seals from many countries
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這些海豹是從
18:07
being released
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不同的國家釋放的
18:09
who are sampling underneath the ice sheets
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牠們在冰棚底下採集樣本
18:11
and giving us temperature data of oceanographic quality
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並提供我們南北兩極的
18:14
on both poles.
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海溫資料
18:16
This data, when visualized, is captivating to watch.
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當這些資料以圖像呈現時,很難不被吸引
18:19
We still haven't figured out best how to visualize the data.
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我們還在嘗試怎樣呈現比較好
18:22
And then, as these animals swim
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當牠們游泳
18:24
and give us the information
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並提供我們
18:26
that's important to climate issues,
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有關氣候議題的資訊時
18:28
we also think it's critical
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我們都認為
18:30
to get this information to the public,
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讓這些資訊公開
18:32
to engage the public with this kind of data.
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使其他人也能夠參與,是非常重要的
18:35
We did this with the Great Turtle Race --
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在"海龜大賽跑"這項活動裡
18:37
tagged turtles, brought in four million hits.
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帶有標記的海龜,帶來四百萬人次的點閱數
18:40
And now with Google's Oceans,
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現在更有Google海洋
18:43
we can actually put a white shark in that ocean.
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我們可以把標記的大白鯊放進去
18:45
And when we do and it swims,
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當牠游泳時
18:47
we see this magnificent bathymetry
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我們會看到,在這充滿驚奇的海底地形裡
18:49
that the shark knows is there on its path
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鯊魚很清楚該往哪走
18:51
as it goes from California to Hawaii.
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要怎樣從加州到夏威夷
18:53
But maybe Mission Blue
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但也許"藍色任務"
18:55
can fill in that ocean that we can't see.
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更能將海洋不為人所見的部份補上
18:58
We've got the capacity, NASA has the ocean.
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我們擁有這項能力,而NASA擁有海洋資料
19:01
We just need to put it together.
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只需要把兩者結合起來
19:03
So in conclusion,
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總而言之
19:05
we know where Yellowstone is for North America;
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我們知道在黃石公園在北美洲的哪裡
19:08
it's off our coast.
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就在海岸邊
19:10
We have the technology that's shown us where it is.
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我們的科技可以告訴我們位置
19:12
What we need to think about perhaps for Mission Blue
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關於"藍色任務",我們該思考的
19:15
is increasing the biologging capacity.
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也許是增加生物標記
19:18
How is it that we can actually
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要怎樣才能讓我們
19:20
take this type of activity elsewhere?
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把這項活動推展到其他地方?
19:23
And then finally -- to basically get the message home --
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最後,我希望你們能記住這點
19:26
maybe use live links
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如果利用動物
19:28
from animals such as blue whales and white sharks.
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像是藍鯨或大白鯊的實況連結
19:30
Make killer apps, if you will.
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寫一個"殺手級應用"
19:32
A lot of people are excited
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這麼做的話,大家會很興奮地
19:34
when sharks actually went under the Golden Gate Bridge.
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看著鯊魚游過金門大橋
19:37
Let's connect the public to this activity right on their iPhone.
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讓大眾透過iPhone參與這項活動
19:40
That way we do away with a few internet myths.
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如此一來,我們可以破解一些網路迷思
19:44
So we can save the bluefin tuna.
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真正拯救黑鮪魚
19:46
We can save the white shark.
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還有大白鯊
19:48
We have the science and technology.
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我們擁有科學和科技
19:50
Hope is here. Yes we can.
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這就是希望,我們辦得到
19:52
We need just to apply this capacity
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只需要把這項能力
19:54
further in the oceans.
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在海洋環境裡善加運用
19:56
Thank you.
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謝謝
19:58
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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