Floating cities, the LEGO House and other architectural forms of the future | Bjarke Ingels

譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Helen Chang

My mom has always reminded me

我媽老是打趣我，

that I have the same proportions as a LEGO man.

說我形似樂高人。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And she does actually have a point.

她真的有抓到一個重點。

LEGO is a company that has succeeded

樂高這家公司已經成功地

in making everybody believe that LEGO is from their home country.

讓每個人相信樂高 來自他們自己的國家。

But it's not, it's from my home country.

但不是，樂高來自我的家鄉。

So you can imagine my excitement when the LEGO family called me

所以各位可以想像， 當樂高公司找我時，我有多開心，

and asked us to work with them to design the Home of the Brick.

他們邀請我們一起設計「積木之家」。

This is the architectural model -- we built it out of LEGO, obviously.

很顯然地，這是我們用樂高積木 建造的建築模型。

This is the final result.

這是最後的成果。

And what we tried to do was to design

我們試著去設計一棟

a building that would be as interactive and as engaging and as playful

可以與之互動並讓你 沉浸在玩樂中的建築物，

as LEGO is itself,

就像你在玩樂高一樣，

with these kind of interconnected playgrounds on the roofscape.

在屋頂上，有這些互相連結的遊樂場。

You can enter a square on the ground

而在地面上，有一個廣場，

where the citizens of Billund can roam around freely without a ticket.

比隆小鎮的居民可以在這裡 自在地閒逛，而不用買票。

And it's probably one of the only museums in the world

這可能是世界上唯一一個

where you're allowed to touch all the artifacts.

允許你觸摸所有手工藝品的博物館。

But the Danish word for design is "formgivning," which literally means

但在丹麥語裡，「設計」這個概念 被表達為「型式賦予」，

to give form to that which has not yet been given form.

意即「為尚未成型的事物賦予型式」。

In other words, to give form to the future.

換句話說，就是「型塑未來」。

And what I love about LEGO is that LEGO is not a toy.

我會喜歡樂高的原因 是因為樂高不僅僅是玩具。

It's a tool that empowers the child to build his or her own world,

它還是一種工具，賦予 孩子們創造自己的世界的力量，

and then to inhabit that world through play

讓孩子們可以透過玩樂 棲身于自己的世界，

and to invite her friends to join her in cohabiting and cocreating that world.

並邀請他們的朋友 一同加入並創造他們的世界。

And that is exactly what formgivning is.

這正是丹麥語「型式賦予」的含義。

As human beings, we have the power to give form to our future.

身為人類，我們有型塑未來的力量。

Inspired by LEGO,

受樂高的啟發，

we've built a social housing project in Copenhagen,

我們已經在哥本哈根 完成一棟社會福利住宅專案，

where we stacked blocks of wood next to each other.

我們把木製的方格屋 一個一個相鄰堆疊起來。

Between them, they leave spaces with extra ceiling heights and balconies.

在它們之間，有預留 天花板與陽台的高度。

And by gently wiggling the blocks,

只要稍微「扭動」一下方格屋，

we can actually create curves or any organic form,

我們就可以創造出具有弧線 或任意自然形狀的建築，

adapting to any urban context.

並與周圍環境相適應。

Because adaptability is probably one of the strongest drivers of architecture.

因為建築學的最強驅動力之一 就是建築要與周圍環境相適應。

Another example is here in Vancouver.

溫哥華這裡有另一個例子。

We were asked to look at the site where Granville bridge triforks

我們受邀調查一塊地皮，

格蘭維爾橋的三岔口 在這裏與市中心連接。

as it touches downtown.

And we started, like, mapping the different constraints.

一開始，我們先把不同的 法規限制標示出來。

There's like a 100-foot setback from the bridge

例如，建築退縮線 從橋身起算，要距離 100 英尺，

because the city want to make sure

因為市政府要保證

that no one looks into the traffic on the bridge.

在橋上的視野會比較開闊。

There's a park where we can't cast any shadows.

還有建築物的影子 不能遮到旁邊的公園。

So finally, we're left with a tiny triangular footprint,

所以最後，我們的建築面積 只剩下一個小三角形，

almost too small to build.

幾乎小到沒辦法蓋。

But then we thought, like,

但是，後來我們在想，

what if the 100-foot minimum distance is really about minimum distance --

如果最短的距離是 100 英尺， 真的只是一個最短距離，

once we get 100 feet up in the air, we can grow the building back out.

那麼在空中的高度超過 100 英尺後 就可以對建築物進行「擴建」。

And so we did.

所以我們就這樣設計。

When you drive over the bridge,

當你從橋上經過，

it's as if someone is pulling a curtain aback,

像是有人拉開窗簾般，向你招手說：

welcoming you to Vancouver.

「歡迎你來到溫哥華」。

Or a like a weed growing through the cracks in the pavement

或者也可說它就像是人行道上 縫隙裡的一株草，

and blossoming as it gets light and air.

受陽光與空氣的滋養， 向天際茁壯成長。

Underneath the bridge, we've worked with Rodney Graham

在橋下，我們與羅尼 · 葛拉漢

and a handful of Vancouver artists,

以及一群溫哥華藝術家合作，

to create what we called the Sistine Chapel of street art,

創造了名叫 《 西斯汀小教堂》的街頭藝術，

an art gallery turned upside down,

這條藝術走廊在頭頂之上，

that tries to turn the negative impact of the bridge into a positive.

將橋的負面影響轉變成正面影響。

So even if it looks like this kind of surreal architecture,

所以即使它看起來是個 超現實主義建築物，

it's highly adapted to its surroundings.

它也是與周遭環境高度融合的。

So if a bridge can become a museum, a museum can also serve as a bridge.

所以如果橋可以變成博物館， 那麼博物館也可以變成橋。

In Norway, we are building a museum that spans across a river

在挪威，我們搭建了一座 跨越河流的博物館，

and allows people to sort of journey through the exhibitions

讓人們從雕塑公園的 這一端走到另一端時，

as they cross from one side of a sculpture park to the other.

透過欣賞展覽品經歷一段旅程。

An architecture sort of adapted to its landscape.

這就是一種能與當地景致 交互相映的建築。

In China, we built a headquarters for an energy company

我們在中國為一家能源公司 建造一棟總部，

and we designed the facade like an Issey Miyake fabric.

我們的外觀設計走的是 三宅一生的風格。

It's rippled, so that facing the predominant direction of the sun,

漣漪狀的建築外觀，

主建築物直面太陽的部分 全都是不透明的建材；

it's all opaque;

facing away from the sun, it's all glass.

沒有面對太陽的部分 則全是玻璃的。

On average, it sort of transitions from solid to clear.

整體而言，有點像是 剛硬轉透明的漸層式風格。

And this very simple idea without any moving parts

而這個簡單的概念 完全沒有任何移動式套件

or any sort of technology,

或任何科技。

purely because of the geometry of the facade,

純粹只用外牆的幾何形狀

reduces the energy consumption on cooling by 30 percent.

就可以降低 30% 的能源消耗。

So you can say what makes the building look elegant

所以你也可以說，是優雅的建築外觀

is also what makes it perform elegantly.

造就了優雅的節能表現。

It's an architecture that is adapted to its climate.

這是一棟與當地氣候 相呼應的建築物。

You can also adapt one culture to another,

你也可以根據不同的文化做設計，

like in Manhattan, we took the Copenhagen courtyard building

像是在曼哈頓的哥本哈根花園大樓，

with a social space where people can hang out

我們在大樓之間設計社交的空間， 讓人們可以在這裡聊天，

in this kind of oasis in the middle of a city,

徜徉在市中心的綠洲中，

and we combined it with the density and the verticality

我們結合了美國摩天大樓的

of an American skyscraper,

密集度與天際線的美，

creating what we've called a "courtscraper."

創造了這座名為 《金字塔摩天院落》的大樓。

From New York to Copenhagen.

從紐約到哥本哈根，

On the waterfront of Copenhagen,

我們在哥本哈根的河岸邊，

we are right now finishing this waste-to-energy power plant.

正在幫這座廢物能源發電廠 做最後的裝修。

It's going to be the cleanest waste-to-energy power plant in the world,

它是全世界最乾淨的 廢物能源發電廠，

there are no toxins coming out of the chimney.

煙囪無毒物的排放。

An amazing marvel of engineering that is completely invisible.

是棟不起眼的非凡建築工程。

So we thought, how can we express this?

我們在想，我們要如何 突現它的特色？

And in Copenhagen we have snow, as you can see,

各位都知道，在哥本哈根會下雪，

but we have absolutely no mountains.

但我們完全沒有山脈。

We have to go six hours by bus to get to Sweden,

我們要搭六小時的巴士

to get alpine skiing.

到瑞典的高山上滑雪。

So we thought, let's put an alpine ski slope

所以我們就在想，

在發電廠屋頂建造一座滑雪道。

on the roof of the power plant.

So this is the first test run we did a few months ago.

這是我們幾個月前拍的測試影片。

And what I like about this

我很開心的是，

is that it also show you the sort of world-changing power of formgivning.

這也是一種改變世界 空間設計的能力展現。

I have a five-month-old son,

我有一個五個月大的兒子，

and he's going to grow up in a world

他會生長在一個世界裡，

not knowing that there was ever a time

完全無法理解我們這一輩的

when you couldn't ski on the roof of the power plant.

發電廠屋頂竟沒有滑雪道。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So imagine for him and his generation, that's their baseline.

幫他和他們的世代想像一下， 這是他們的底線，

Imagine how far they can leap,

想像一下，他們能跳多高，

what kind of wild ideas they can put forward for their future.

他們的狂野想法， 能創造出什麼樣的未來。

So right in front of it, we're building our smallest project.

眼前這個是我們目前正在 建造的最小專案。

It's basically nine containers

基本上由九個貨櫃組成，

that we have stacked in a shipyard in Poland,

我們在波蘭的造船場搭建，

then we've schlepped it across the Baltic sea

然後跨過波羅的海拖過來，

and docked it in the port of Copenhagen,

在哥本哈根港，接舶組裝起來，

where it is now the home of 12 students.

裡面現在住了 12 位學生。

Each student has a view to the water,

每個學生都有自己的水景，

they can jump out the window into the clean port of Copenhagen,

他們打開窗戶就可以 跳到乾淨的哥本哈根港裡，

and they can get back in.

然後再游回來。

All of the heat comes from the thermal mass of the sea,

所有的暖氣來自大海裡的熱能，

all the power comes from the sun.

所有的電力來自太陽。

This is the first 12 units in Copenhagen,

在哥本哈根第一批有 12 個單位，

another 60 on their way,

還有 60 個準備到港，

another 200 are going to Gothenburg,

另外還有 200 個會拖到哥德堡，

and we're speaking with the Paris Olympics

我們目前還在跟 巴黎奧林匹克協會洽談，

to put a small floating village on the Seine.

準備在塞纳河 放置一個小型的漂浮村落。

So very much this kind of, almost like nomadic, impermanent architecture.

幾乎非常像游牧型、 非永久性的建築種類。

And the waterfronts of our cities are experiencing a lot of change.

我們城市的水岸線 正在經歷大型的變革。

Economic change, industrial change and climate change.

包括經濟、產業、氣候的變革。

This is Manhattan before Hurricane Sandy,

這是在珊迪颶風前的曼哈頓，

and this is Manhattan after Sandy.

這是珊迪颶風後的曼哈頓。

We got invited by the city of New York

我們受紐約市之邀，

to look if we could make the necessary flood protection for Manhattan

請我們設計出保護曼哈頓 避免洪水災的必要設施，

without building a seawall

但不能蓋海堤，

that would segregate the life of the city from the water around it.

那會把城市周圍的 海洋生物阻擋在外面。

And we got inspired by the High Line.

我們從高線公園得到靈感。

You probably know the High Line -- it's this amazing new park in New York.

各位可能認識高線公園， 這座驚奇的新公園坐落在紐約。

It's basically decommissioned train tracks

它基本上是一座廢棄的鐵軌道，

that now have become one of the most popular promenades in the city.

現在已經變成市中心 最受歡迎的走廊之一。

So we thought,

所以我們在思考，

could we design the necessary flood protection for Manhattan

我們可否幫曼哈頓設計出 必要的防洪設施，

so we don't have to wait until we shut it down before it gets nice?

而且不用等到交通停擺就設計出來？

So we sat down with the citizens living along the waterfront of New York,

我們坐下來與居住在 水岸旁的紐約市民對談，

and we worked with them to try to design the necessary flood protection

我們試著一起和他們 設計出必要的防洪設施，

in such a way that it only makes their waterfront

透過這樣的溝通方式， 才能讓設計出來的水岸

more accessible and more enjoyable.

更親民、更舒適。

Underneath the FDR, we are putting, like, pavilions

我們在 FDR 主幹道的橋下， 搭建了類似涼亭的設施，

with pocket walls that can slide out and protect from the water.

它的隱藏式滑動牆面可以防洪。

We are creating little stepped terraces

我們還創造了小型踏階平台，

that are going to make the underside more enjoyable,

這可以讓橋下的區域更舒適，

but also protect from flooding.

但同時保有防洪功能。

Further north in the East River Park,

往北的河東公園，

we are creating rolling hills

我們設計了連綿起伏的小山丘，

that protect the park from the noise of the highway,

來保護公園免受高速公路噪音的干擾，

but in turn also become the necessary flood protection

而內部蜿蜒的地方 就變成了必要防洪區，

that can stop the waves during an incoming storm surge.

可以阻擋颶風掀起的巨浪。

So in a way, this project that we have called the Dryline,

這樣的設計方式， 我們稱這專案叫《乾線》，

it's essentially the High Line --

本質上是《高線》

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

The High Line that's going to keep Manhattan dry.

這樣的高線公園 就可以保持曼哈頓的乾燥。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

It's scheduled to break ground on the first East River portion

預計今年年末，

會在河東的第一區舉行破土典禮。

at the end of this year.

But it has essentially been codesigned

但讓曼哈頓下城區的居民

with the citizens of Lower Manhattan

一起參與進來設計很有必要，

to take all of the necessary infrastructure for resilience

如此可以讓所有必要的設施 保持良好狀態，

and give it positive social and environmental side effects.

而且可以為整個社會與環境 帶來正面的邊際效應。

So, New York is not alone in facing this situation.

紐約不是唯一個 要面臨海水位上升的城市。

In fact, by 2050,

實際上，到 2050 年之前，

90 percent of the major cities in the world

全球有 90% 的主要城市，

are going to be dealing with rising seas.

都要處理海平面上升的問題。

In Hamburg,

在德國漢堡，

they've created a whole neighborhood

他們創建了一個社區，

where the bottom floors are designed to withstand the inevitable flood.

社區的樓底板有抗洪水設計。

In Sweden, they've designed a city where all of the parks are wet gardens,

在瑞士，他們設計了一個 水花園的公園城市，

designed to deal with storm water and waste water.

它的花園有處理暴雨和汙水的設計。

So we thought, could we perhaps --

所以我們在想，我們有沒有可能......

Actually, today,

實際上，現今，

three million people are already permanently living on the sea.

已經有 300 萬人口長期住在海上。

So we thought, could we actually imagine a floating city

所以我們思考可否設計出漂浮城市，

designed to incorporate all of the Sustainable Development Goals

設計出符合

聯合國所有永續發展目標的城市，

of the United Nations

into a whole new human-made ecosystem.

一個全新的人造生態系統。

And of course, we have to design it so it can produce its own power,

當然，我們必須設計出 能自產電力的城市，

harvesting the thermal mass of the oceans,

它能收集海洋的熱能、

the force of the tides, of the currents, of the waves,

潮汐、水流、海浪的能量，

the power of the wind,

風能、

the heat and the energy of the sun.

太陽的熱能與電能。

Also, we are going to collect all of the rain water that drops

還有，我們要收集所有

on this man-made archipelago

降到這個人造群島的雨水，

and deal with it organically and mechanically

並有機地、機械化地處理

and store it and clean it.

存水、淨水方面的工作。

We have to grow all of our food locally,

我們要在當地種植所有的食物，

it has to be fish- and plant-based,

必須以魚和植物的概念為基礎，

because you won't have the space or the resources for a dairy diet.

因為空間不足，否則 每日的飲食來源會不足。

And finally,

最後，

we are going to deal with all the waste locally,

我們要在當地處理掉垃圾，

with compost, recycling, and turning the waste into energy.

要堆肥、回收還有把垃圾變能量。

So imagine where a traditional urban master plan,

想像有一張傳統的都市計畫圖，

you typically draw the street grid where the cars can drive

基本上就在上面畫 可以開車的街道圖，

and the building plots where you can put some buildings.

建地上放些大樓。

This master plan, we sat down with a handful of scientists

這張規劃圖，我們坐下來 與一群科學家規劃，

and basically started with all of the renewable,

基本上一開始就全部要用再生的、

available natural resources,

天然的可用資源，

and then we started channeling the flow of resources

然後我們開始規劃 資源的流向通道，

through this kind of human-made ecosystem or this kind of urban metabolism.

來貫穿整個人工生態系統、大都會，

So it's going to be modular,

所以它會是模組化的，

it's going to be buoyant,

可以漂浮的，

it's going to be designed to resist a tropical storm.

設計出來的模組 可以抵擋熱帶風暴。

You can prefabricate it at scale,

你可以大量地預先生產，

and tow it to dock with others, to form a small community.

拖到碼頭，與其它模組併起來， 變成一個小社區。

We're designing these kind of coastal additions,

我們正在設計這類 海岸小島的副加產品，

so that even if it's modular and rational,

所以即使它是模組化的，

each island can be unique with its own coastal landscape.

每一個島都有它獨特的海岸風景。

The architecture has to remain relatively low

建築物必須保持在非常低的位置，

to keep the center of gravity buoyant.

才能維持中心浮點的穩定。

We're going to take all of the agriculture

我們會在島上種農產品，

and use it to also create social space

然後利用它創造社交的空間，

so you can actually enjoy the permaculture gardens.

讓你可以真正地享受 這個永續農業的花園。

We're designing it for the tropics, so all of the roofs are maximized

我們的設計要適應熱帶氣候， 讓所有的屋頂極大化地收集太陽能，

to harvest solar power and to shade from the sun.

同時還保有遮陽功能。

All the materials are going to be light and renewable,

所有的材質都要是輕穎且再生的，

like bamboo and wood,

像是竹子和木頭，

which is also going to create this charming, warm environment.

這樣才能創造出迷人、溫暖的環境。

And any architecture is supposed to be able to fit on this platform.

任何建築物都要能放到這個平台上。

Underneath we have all the storage inside the pontoon,

島的下面，在平底船內部 有全部的儲藏空間，

almost like a mega version of the student housings

幾乎像是一個 我們之前已經有合作過的

that we've already worked with.

超大版本學生宿舍。

We have all the storage for the energy that's produced,

產出的能量我們都可以儲藏起來，

all of the water storage and remediation.

還有全部的儲水槽與修復設施。

We are sort of dealing with all of the waste and the composting.

我們要處理所有的廢物與堆肥。

And we also have some backup farming

我們還有一些備案的耕種方法，

with aeroponics and hydroponics.

有無土栽種技術與水耕法。

So imagine almost like a vertical section through this landscape

想像一下，幾乎就會像 這張景觀垂直剖面圖，

that goes from the air above, where we have vertical farms;

上空有垂直農場；

below, we have the aeroponics and the aquaponics.

下面有水耕植物與魚菜共生系統。

Even further below, we have the ocean farms

再往深一點，我們有海洋農場，

and where we tie the island to the ground,

我們會把島嶼與海底綁起來，

we're using biorock to create new reefs to regenerate habitat.

運用生態石創造新的珊瑚礁 來重生棲息地。

So think of this small island for 300 people.

想像一下，這個 300 人 的小島。

It can then group together to form a cluster or a neighborhood

它可以拼起來， 形成一個聚落或鄰里，

that then can sort of group together to form an entire city for 10,000 people.

然後把每個聚落連接起來 變成一個萬人城市。

And you can imagine if this floating city flourishes,

你可以想像如果這個漂浮城市 繁榮起來的樣子，

it can sort of grow like a culture in a petri dish.

會有點像培養皿裡面 微生物的生長狀態。

So one of the first places we are looking at placing this,

所以，我們第一個關注的地方，

或把漂浮城市落腳的地方，

or anchoring this floating city,

is in the Pearl River delta.

就是珠江三角洲。

So imagine this kind of canopy of photovoltaics

想像這天篷般的太陽能板群島，

on this archipelago floating in the sea.

漂浮在這片海上。

As you sail towards the island, you will see the maritime residents

當你航向這些島嶼， 你將可以看到這些海上居民，

moving around on alternative forms of aquatic transportation.

正在利用替代的水上交通工具 在島嶼間穿梭。

You come into this kind of community port.

一旦你進入到這樣的社區港。

You can roam around in the permaculture gardens

你就可以在永續花園裡逛逛，

that are productive landscapes, but also social landscapes.

欣賞豐富的花園景觀， 但同時也是社交的好地方。

The greenhouses also become orangeries for the cultural life of the city,

溫室也變成各類果園 孕育城市生命的地方，

and below, under the sea,

下面，海面下，

it's teeming with life of farming and science

充滿了各種養殖與科學的生命，

and social spaces.

還有社交空間。

So in a way, you can imagine this community port

所以有了這樣的設計， 你可以想像，這個社區港

is where people gather, both by day and by night.

人們日夜都可以相聚在一起。

And even if the first one is designed for the tropics,

即使第一個是為熱帶地區設計，

we also imagine that the architecture can adapt to any culture,

我們也想像過，這類的建築 也可以適應各類的文化，

so imagine, like, a Middle Eastern floating city

想像中東的漂浮城市，

or Southeast Asian floating city

或東南亞的漂浮城市，

or maybe a Scandinavian floating city one day.

或許，有一天，也可以設計成 北歐風的漂浮城市。

So maybe just to conclude.

或許我該總結了。

The human body is 70 percent water.

人體有 70% 是水分。

And the surface of our planet is 70 percent water.

我們的地球表面 70% 也是水分。

And it's rising.

而且還在上升。

And even if the whole world woke up tomorrow

即使明天全世界都覺醒，

and became carbon-neutral over night,

一夕之間地球變成了碳中和，

there are still island nations that are destined to sink in the seas,

但仍有命中注定 會沉到海裡的島嶼國家存在，

unless we also develop alternate forms of floating human habitats.

除非我們也有開發出替代方案的 漂浮棲息地來給他們居住。

And the only constant in the universe is change.

宇宙唯一不變的就是萬變。

Our world is always changing, and right now, our climate is changing.

我們的世界一直在變， 現在，我們的氣候在變。

No matter how critical the crisis is, and it is,

不論地球狀況多麼危急、嚴峻，

this is also our collective human superpower.

都會是我們人類的共業。

That we have the power to adapt to change

我們有能力適應改變，

and we have the power to give form to our future.

我們也有能力可以形塑未來。

(Applause)

（掌聲）