How we can help hungry kids, one text at a time | Su Kahumbu

36,966 views ・ 2018-03-01

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Riky Liang
00:12
I want to introduce you to my badass friends.
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我想跟各位介紹我狠角色朋友。
見見塞爾瑪跟路易絲。 (註:《末路狂花》的主角)
00:16
Meet Thelma and Louise.
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00:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:20
I'm passionate about cows.
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我對牛充滿熱情。
00:22
And although they've been getting a lot of crap lately
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雖然牠們近期遇到許多鳥事,
00:24
due to methane emissions and climate change,
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因為甲烷排放以及氣候變遷,
00:27
I hope that I can redeem their reputation in part
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我希望我能挽救牠們部分的名聲,
00:29
by showing you how incredibly important they are
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讓各位了解牠們是多麼重要,
00:32
in solving one of the world's biggest problems: food security.
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能協助解決世界上最大的 問題之一:食物保障。
00:35
But more importantly, for Africa --
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但,更重要的,對非洲而言,
00:37
it's resultant childhood stunting.
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缺乏食物造成兒時發育遲緩。
00:40
Nutritional stunting manifests itself
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營養造成的發展遲緩呈現的方式
00:43
in a reduction of growth rate in human development.
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是人類發展的成長率下降。
00:46
And according to UNICEF,
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根據聯合國兒童基金會,
00:48
stunting doesn't come easy.
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發育遲緩不容易發生。
00:49
It doesn't come quickly.
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發育遲緩不會很快發生。
00:51
It happens over a long period of time
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它橫跨很長的一段時間,
00:53
during which a child endures painful and debilitating cycles of illness,
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在這期間孩子要忍受 痛苦和虛弱的疾病循環、
00:57
depressed appetite,
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胃口不好、
00:59
insufficient nutrition
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營養不良,
01:00
and inadequate care.
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以及不當的照護。
01:03
And most kids simply can't endure such rigors.
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大部分的孩子實在 無法忍受這樣的艱苦。
01:06
But those that do survive,
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但,存活下來的孩子,
01:10
they carry forward long-term cognitive problems
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他們會帶著長期的認知問題,
01:13
as well as losses of stature.
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伴隨著身體發育不良。
01:16
The numbers of stunted children under the age of five,
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五歲以下發展遲緩的孩子數目,
01:20
in most regions of the world,
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在世界大部分的區域,
01:22
has been declining.
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都在下降中。
01:23
And I really hate to say this,
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我很不想這麼說,
01:25
but the only place where they haven't been declining is here,
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但,唯一人數沒有 下降的地方,就是這裡,
01:28
in Africa.
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非洲。
01:30
Here, 59 million children,
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在這裡,5900 萬孩童,
01:34
three in 10 in that age group,
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在那個年齡層中,十個就有三個,
01:36
struggle to meet their genetic potential --
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要非常努力才能達到 他們基因上的潛能,
01:39
their full genetic potential.
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他們完整的潛能。
01:43
Protein is one of our most important dietary requirements,
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蛋白質是我們最重要的 飲食需求之一,
01:46
and evidence shows that lack of essential amino acids,
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有證據顯示,若孩童的飲食
01:49
the building blocks of proteins, in young children's diets,
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缺乏必要的氨基酸, 即蛋白質的基礎成份,
01:52
can result in stunting.
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就可能造成發展遲緩。
01:54
Essential amino acids are called essential
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必要的氨基酸之所以必要,
01:56
because we can't synthesize them in our bodies.
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是因為我們自體無法合成它們。
01:59
We have to get them from our foods
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我們得要從食物中攝取,
02:01
and the best sources are animal-derived:
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而最好的來源是動物源食品:
02:04
milk, meat and eggs.
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牛奶、肉、蛋。
02:07
Most protein consumed on the African continent is crop-based.
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在非洲大陸,大部分被吃下的 蛋白質都是以作物為基礎的。
02:12
And although we have millions of smallholder farmers rearing animals,
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雖然我們有數百萬名 小佃農在飼養動物,
02:16
livestock production is not as easy as we think.
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家畜生產沒有我們想的那麼容易。
02:20
The big livestock gaps between rich countries and poor countries
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富國和窮國之間有很大的家畜落差,
02:24
are due to poor animal health.
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原因是動物的健康很差。
02:27
Endemic livestock diseases,
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地方性的家畜疾病,
02:30
some of them transmissible to humans,
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有些可以傳染給人類,
02:32
threaten not only livestock producers in those poor countries,
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這些疾病威脅的不只是 窮國的家畜生產者,
02:37
but all human health across all countries.
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還包括所有國家所有人類的健康。
02:42
This is a global pathogens network.
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這是全球的病原體網路。
02:44
It shows the pathogens found across the world
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它顯示在全世界發現的病原體,
02:47
according to the Enhanced Infectious Diseases database.
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資料來自強化傳染病資料庫。
02:50
And it shows those pathogens that share hosts.
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它能顯示出有共同宿主的病原體。
02:54
In a nutshell,
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在一個小封閉空間中,
02:55
we share pathogens, and thus diseases,
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我們共享病原體 進而共享疾病的對象,
02:58
with the species we live closest to:
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就是和我們居住地相近的物種:
03:00
our livestock.
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我們的家畜。
03:01
And we call these zoonotic diseases.
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我們稱之為人畜共通病。
03:04
Recent reports show
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近期的報告指出,
03:05
that the deadly dozen zoonotic diseases kill 2.2 million people
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十多種致命的人畜共通病, 每年會奪走 220 萬條人命,
03:09
and sicken 2.4 billion people annually.
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並讓 24 億人生病。
03:13
And Jimmy says,
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吉米說:
03:14
"The greatest burden of zoonoses
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「人畜共通病最沉重的擔子,
03:17
falls on one billion poor livestock keepers."
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落在十億貧窮的家畜飼養者肩上。」
03:20
We totally underestimate the importance of our smallholder farmers.
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我們完全低估了小佃農的重要性。
03:25
We're beginning to recognize how important they are
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我們開始認可他們的重要性,
03:27
and how they influence our medical health,
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以及他們如何影響我們的醫療健康、
03:31
our biosafety
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我們的生物安全性,
03:32
and more recently, our cognitive and our physical health.
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以及更近期的, 我們的認知與身體健康。
03:37
They stand at the frontline of zoonotic epidemics.
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他們站在人畜共通病 流行傳播的前線。
03:42
They pretty much underpin our existence.
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他們可說是支撐著我們的生存。
03:45
And they need to know so much,
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他們需要知道很多知識,
03:48
yet most lack knowledge
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卻又最缺乏那些知識,
03:53
on livestock disease prevention and treatment.
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關於家畜疾病預防和治療的知識。
03:56
So how do they learn?
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所以,他們要如何學習?
03:58
Apart from shared experiences,
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除了分享共同的經驗
04:01
trial and error,
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和反覆試驗外,
04:02
conventional farming extension services are boots on the ground and radio --
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傳統農業的發展依靠人力和電台,
04:07
expensive and hard to scale in the face of population growth.
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在人口增長的情況下 既昂貴又難以普及。
04:12
Sounds pretty gloomy, doesn't it?
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聽起來挺沮喪的,是嗎?
04:15
But we're at an interesting point in Africa.
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但,現在的非洲 有個契機。
04:18
We're changing that narrative using innovative solutions,
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我們可以用創新的解決方案 來改變現狀,
04:22
riding across scalable technologies.
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橫跨可擴充的技術。
04:26
Knowledge doesn't have to be expensive.
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知識不見得要很昂貴。
04:29
My company developed an agricultural platform called iCow.
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我的公司發展出了一個 農業平台 iCow(i 乳牛)。
04:33
We teach farmers best livestock practices using SMS
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通過傳簡訊,用簡單 易操作的手機教授農民們
04:38
over simple, low-end phones.
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最好的牲畜養殖方法。
04:40
Farmers receive three SMSs a week on best livestock practices,
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農場主每周會收到三則簡訊, 內容就是最好的家畜實做方式,
04:43
and those that execute the messages go on to see increases in productivity
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照著訊息去做的人,會在三個月的
04:47
within as short a time as three months.
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短時間內看到生產力增加。
04:52
The first increases in productivity, of course, are improved animal health.
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當然,要增加生產力, 第一件事是改善動物健康。
04:59
We use SMS because it is retentive.
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我們用簡訊是因為它可以保存。
05:01
Farmers store their messages,
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農場主會把訊息存起來,
05:03
they write them down in books,
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他們會寫在筆記上,
05:04
and in effect,
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實際上,
05:06
we're drip-feeding agricultural manuals into the fields.
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我們是把農業手冊的內容 注入到田野實做中。
05:10
We recognize that we are all part of the global food network:
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我們了解到,我們都是 全球食物網路的一部分:
05:16
producers and consumers,
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生產者與消費者,
05:18
you and me, and every farmer.
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你、我,和每一個農場主。
05:22
We're focusing now on trying to bring together producers and consumers
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現在,我們的重點在試圖將 生產者與消費者結合起來,
05:28
to take action and take responsibility for not only food security,
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以採取行動和負起責任, 不單單是為了食物保障,
05:33
but for food safety.
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也為了食物安全。
05:35
This beautiful animal is an African-Asian Sahiwal crossed with a Dutch Fleckvieh.
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這隻美麗的動物是非亞的 沙希華牛與荷蘭的西門特牛混種。
05:41
She's milkier than her Sahiwal mom,
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她比她的沙希華母親更能產乳,
05:43
and she's sturdier and more resistant to disease than her Fleckvieh father.
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比她的西門特父親 更強健更能抵抗疾病。
05:49
In Ethiopia and Tanzania,
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在衣索比亞和坦尚尼亞,
05:51
the African Dairy Genetic Gains program is using SMS and cutting-edge genomics
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「非洲乳牛遺傳增益」 (ADGG)計畫
使用簡訊和最先進的 染色體雜交品種,
05:57
and pioneering Africa's first tropically adapted dairy breeding centers
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開拓非洲第一批能適應 熱帶的乳牛繁殖中心,
06:02
and dairy performance recording centers.
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以及乳牛表現記錄中心。
06:06
Farmers contribute their production data --
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農場主會貢獻他們的生產資料──
06:09
milking records,
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擠奶記錄、
06:11
breeding records and feeding records --
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繁殖記錄,以及餵食記錄──
06:13
to the ADGG platform.
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提供給 ADGG 平台。
06:14
This stage is synthesized through algorithms
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在這個階段,會用世界頂尖
06:16
from some of the top livestock institutions in the world
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家畜機構提供的演算法把資料整合,
06:20
before it lands back in the farmers' hands
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轉為可以實行的簡訊,
06:23
in actionable SMSs.
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送回到農場主手上。
06:26
Customized data,
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客製化的資料,
06:27
customized responses
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客製化的回應,
06:29
all aimed at increasing productivity
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目標都是要根據一般潛能
06:32
based on the potential on the ground.
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來增加生產力。
06:34
We're at a very interesting place in agriculture in Africa.
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我們正處在非洲農業 一個很有意思的地方。
06:38
By the end of this year,
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今年年底,
06:40
we'll have almost one billion mobile phone subscriptions.
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我們將會有接近十億筆的 行動電話訂閱。
06:44
We have the power in our hands
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我們手中就握有力量,
06:46
to ensure that livestock production systems are not only healthy,
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能夠確保家畜生產體制不僅健康、
06:50
productive and profitable,
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有生產力、能獲利,
06:53
but that farmers are knowledgeable,
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而且農場主也有相關知識;
06:55
and more importantly,
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更重要的是,
06:57
that our farmers are safe.
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我們的農場主是安全的。
07:00
Working with smallholder farmers
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和小佃農合作,
07:02
is one of the best ways to guarantee food security.
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是確保食物安全的最佳方式之一。
07:06
Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways
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和小佃農合作,也是個極佳的方式,
07:08
to guarantee each and every child their full opportunity
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能保障每一個孩童 都有完整的機會與能力,
來發揮他們的遺傳的潛力。
07:12
and ability to reach their full genetic potential.
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07:15
And harnessing the power of millions of smallholder farmers
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利用數百萬名小佃農的力量
07:19
and their badass cows like mine,
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以及他們那些狠角色牛隻, 就像我的一樣,
07:23
we should be able to bring a halt to stunting in Africa.
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我們應該能夠終止非洲的發展遲緩。
07:27
Thank you.
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謝謝。
07:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:31
Thank you.
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謝謝。
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