Rayma Suprani: Dictators hate political cartoons -- so I keep drawing them | TED

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Val Zhang

[This talk is delivered in Spanish with consecutive English translation]

〔本演說為西班牙語， 搭配英語口譯〕

(Rayma Suprani: Speaks Spanish)

（講者：說西班牙語）

Cloe Shasha: When I was a little girl,

譯者：小時候，我會在 家中所有的牆面畫畫。

I used to draw on all the walls of my house.

(RS: Speaks Spanish)

（講者：說西班牙語）

CS: Until one day, my mother got angry and told me,

譯者：直到有天， 我母親生氣了，對我說：

"You can only draw on one wall.

「你只能畫一面牆， 不能畫其他牆。」

Don't draw on any others."

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

That was the first time I experienced an act of totalitarian censorship.

那是我第一次體驗到 極權主義的審查制度。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

But a lack of freedom stimulates creativity and empowers it.

但失去自由會激發並強化創意。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Many years have passed since my childhood,

孩提時光荏苒，

but throughout my formal studies,

但求學期間，我發現自己 總是在筆記的邊角畫畫，

I found myself drawing in the margins of my notebooks

instead of paying attention to my professors.

而非專注在課堂上。

I studied journalism in college

我在大學讀新聞系，

with the intention of expanding my communication and writing skills,

因為想要拓展溝通和撰寫技巧，

but the only thing that I felt connected to in life

但生命中我心之所向的志業，

was drawing.

就是畫畫。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

I was born in a democracy,

我生在民主國家，

in a country called Venezuela, which is now a dictatorship.

叫做委內瑞拉， 但現在是獨裁國家。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

For 19 years,

有 19 年的時間，

I was the daily cartoonist for "El Universal,"

我曾任《環球日報》的 每日專欄漫畫家，

one of the biggest newspapers in Venezuela.

它是委內瑞拉最大的報紙之一。

I really enjoyed translating political and cultural current events into drawings.

我很享受把政治 及文化時事轉成圖畫。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

In the year 2014,

2014 年，

I got fired from my job at the newspaper over a cartoon that I drew

我因為一張作品， 而丟了這份工作，

alluding to the health care system in Venezuela.

我的畫影射委內瑞拉的醫療體制。

I drew a flat line of a heartbeat monitor,

我畫了心電圖上的水平線，

but I intentionally drew the heartbeat line

但我刻意將心電圖的線條

in a way that resembled the signature of Hugo Chavez,

擬似委內瑞拉前總統

the former president of Venezuela.

烏戈．查維茲的簽名。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

All of this happened after the newspaper was bought

這些都發生在有間陌生的 公司買下報社之後，

by an unknown company,

and some of us suspect

我們有些人懷疑，

that it was the Venezuelan government who was behind that deal.

此宗交易的幕後 正是委內瑞拉政府。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

My work as a cartoonist became more and more of a nuisance

身為漫畫家，我的作品 讓獨裁政府越來越頭痛。

for the dictatorship.

They have no tolerance for any freedom of expression

他們無法容忍任何自由的表達

or free thinking.

或自由思想。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

After I got fired,

我被開除後，

I started to feel unsafe in my own country.

我在自己的國家裡 也開始感到不安全。

I received anonymous calls and death threats.

我會接到匿名電話和死亡威脅。

I was mocked publicly on national television.

在全國電視節目上， 我被公開嘲弄。

I was eventually forced out of Venezuela,

最終，我被迫離開委內瑞拉，

and I now live in Miami, Florida,

現在我住在佛羅里達州的邁阿密，

where I am free to be my own editor for my work.

在這裡，我能夠編輯自己的作品。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A political cartoon is a barometer of freedom in a country.

政治漫畫是衡量國家 自由程度的指標。

That's why dictators hate cartoonists

這就是獨裁者痛恨漫畫家的原因，

and try to eradicate everything that involves humor

並會試圖根除用幽默來反映

as a mirror for social and political issues.

社會和政治議題的任何作品。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A cartoon involves a delicate balance of ideas and drawings

漫畫要在想法和繪圖 之間找到微妙的平衡，

that reveal a hidden truth.

來揭露隱藏的真相。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

And a good cartoon is one that conveys a plot of a full-length movie

好的漫畫能夠透過一張圖

傳遞一整部電影的劇情。

in a single frame.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A cartoon needs to communicate the core of a story with its precision.

漫畫需要精準地 傳達故事的核心。

And when it succeeds,

成功時，

its message can have the effect of inoculating people

它的訊息所發揮的效果，

就會像為讀者打「懷疑論」的疫苗。

with a dose of skepticism.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Cartoons are drawn from observation and analysis.

畫漫畫要靠觀察和分析。

They are inspired by muses of mythology,

漫畫的靈感來自於神話，

as well as classical, modern and paleolithic tales.

以及經典、現代， 及舊石器時代的傳說。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

When we are told that a modern-day emperor is wearing new clothes,

當我們被告知現代帝王穿上了新衣，

cartoons reveal that the emperor just might still be naked.

漫畫則揭露他可能仍是全裸的。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

At one point in my career,

職涯中有一度，

I drew pigs and compared them with politicians and national guards

我用豬來比喻 政客和國民警衛隊，

who were responsible for stopping peaceful student demonstrations.

因為他們負責鎮壓和平的學生示威。

One day, when I got back to my office,

有一天，我回到辦公室，

I had a letter on my desk.

我桌上躺著一封信。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

The letter was from the Venezuelan Swine Federation.

寄件人是委內瑞拉豬隻聯盟。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

The letter said,

信寫道：「請不要把豬

"Please do not compare an animal as wonderful as a pig with politicians.

這麼美好的動物拿來比喻政客。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）豬很友善且高尚，

Pigs are very friendly and noble,

they can be a great mascot,

牠們是很棒的吉祥物， 很好的寵物，

they make good pets

and they provide sustenance to us in the form of pork."

牠們還以豬肉的形式 提供我們食物。」

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

I think they were absolutely right.

我完全認同他們。我不再畫豬了，

I didn't draw any more pigs,

但我仍然繼續畫政客。

but I did keep drawing politicians.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A cartoon travels on an information highway,

漫畫在資訊的公路上流通，

which seems like it has multiple lanes,

看似有多線道，

but in reality, all of these lanes

實際上，每一線

lead to a binary response of either positivity or rage.

最終都來到二元的 回應：正面或憤怒

"I like it" or "I don't like it."

「我喜歡它」或「我不喜歡它」。

Those are the only responses

網路上支配著民主思想的 回應只有這兩種。

that govern democratic thinking on the internet.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

We have lost the space for nuanced debate,

我們失去了做細微辯論的空間，

we have no time,

我們沒有時間，所以我們 只回應認同或鄙視，

so we simply respond with approval or disdain,

and we let algorithms take over.

並讓演算法接管。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

But a cartoon is born from a space of deep, nuanced thinking.

但漫畫誕生在深刻、 縝密思考的空間中。

Creating a good cartoon involves repeated failures,

要畫出一張好漫畫， 需要經過不斷失敗，

draft after draft.

畫一張又一張的草稿。

And a cartoonist must shed their own taboos

且漫畫家必須要擺脫 自己的忌諱，

to spark a conversation, rather than a confrontation,

透過他們的作品激起 對話，而非對峙。

through their work.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

In the year 2013, President Chavez died,

2013 年，查維茲總統過世，

and I had to think about what to draw as the cartoon of the day

我得思考在當天的 《環球日報》上要畫什麼。

at "El Universal."

I was personally happy that he had passed away,

我個人很高興他過世了，

because I thought that the end of his power

因為我認為，他的權力告終

would potentially bring our country closer to freedom and better times.

可能讓我們的國家邁向 自由和更好的時代。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

But there were many other people who were mourning the death of Chavez,

但有許多人在哀悼查維茲的逝世，

so there was a divided sentiment in Venezuela.

所以，在委內瑞拉有分裂的情緒。

Some were celebrating,

有些人在慶祝，

and others were crying at the loss of their leader.

其他人則因為失去 領導人而在哭泣。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

I felt stuck,

我的思緒卡關，

I really didn't know what to draw in this historic moment.

在這歷史性的一刻卻不知道該畫什麼。

我知道不能讓個人的 喜悅滲入作品中，

And I knew that I couldn't allow my happiness to seep into my work,

that I should take the higher road and respect people's grief.

我應當展現高度的素養， 尊重人民的悲慟。

So what could I draw?

所以，我能畫什麼？

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

I spent many hours drafting and throwing out papers.

我花了數小時反覆擬稿。

My editor called me and said

我的編輯打電話告訴我， 當天所有稿件都遲了，

everything was late for that day's newspaper

and asked me when I'd be done.

並問我何時可以交稿。

It was in the middle of the night that the idea came to me.

在半夜時，我靈光一現。

And we then published a cartoon

接著，我們刊出了

that represented a historical moment in time.

一張代表歷史時刻的漫畫。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A fallen king chess piece in red.

倒下的紅色國王棋子。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A good cartoon has a lot of power.

好的漫畫有很大的力量。

It can generate action and reaction.

它能產生行動和反應。

That's why a cartoonist must exercise their power responsibly,

那就是為什麼漫畫家在行使 其能力時必須要負責任，

showcasing the truth

展現出真相，

and drawing without the fear of consequences.

下筆時不能害怕後果。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Having an opinion has a cost,

「有主張」是有代價的，

and in some countries, that cost is high.

且在某些國家中，代價很高。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

In Venezuela,

在委內瑞拉，許多年輕人 因為和平抗爭而被殺害。

many young people have been killed for protesting peacefully.

There are men and women who are stuck behind bars

有男男女女被視為 政治犯而關在牢裡。

as political prisoners.

So over the years,

這些年來，我畫過 被監禁的女人的面孔，

I've drawn the faces of imprisoned women,

because I don't want them to be forgotten by the community.

因為我不希望她們被大眾忘記。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

This year at an event called El Foro Penal,

今年有個活動El Foro Penal，即刑事論壇，

which is a criminal forum

where a group of lawyers do pro bono work

由一群律師為委內瑞拉的 政治犯提供免費諮詢，

for Venezuelan political prisoners,

a young woman approached me and she said,

活動上 ，一名年輕女子對我說：

"I was imprisoned,

「我曾經被監禁，

and then you drew my face and my story.

而你畫出了我的臉孔和故事。

It's because of that drawing that people knew who I was.

那張漫畫讓大家知道我是誰。

Your cartoon helped me survive my days in prison.

你的漫畫協助我 撐過在獄中的日子。

Thank you."

謝謝你。」

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

This was a moment that meant a lot to me,

這個時刻對我意義重大，

因為我找到既能抒發鄉愁， 又能為同胞貢獻的方法。

because I had found a way to collaborate

with the memories of my country and its people.

（說西班牙語）

(Speaks Spanish)

Last year, I started making drawings about immigration.

去年，我開始畫移民的議題。

I drew my own world, my fears,

我畫出我的世界、我的恐懼、

my suitcase, my roots

我的旅行箱、我的根，

and everything that I had to leave behind in Venezuela.

及離開委內瑞拉時我捨棄的一切。

I also drew my joy in the face of this new opportunity

我也畫出身為美國移民，

as an immigrant in the United States.

在面對這個新機會時的喜悅。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

From there, I worked on a series of drawings

之後，我投入一系列的畫作，

that represented the experience and psychology of immigration.

代表移民的經歷以及心理狀態。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Being an immigrant is like moving to another planet.

移民就好像搬到另一個星球。

At first, you don't understand anything about your new world.

一開始，你完全 不了解你的新世界。

There are new codes, a new language

那裡有新的規則、新的語言，

and unfamiliar tools you need to learn how to use

你還得學習如何使用 不熟悉的工具，

in order to adapt to your new life.

才能適應你的新生活。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Being an immigrant is the closest thing to being an astronaut

和太空人登陸月球 最接近的經歷就是當移民。

who landed on the moon.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

Over time, that series of drawings became a traveling exhibition,

這系列的畫作逐漸 演變成巡迴展覽，

called "I, Immigrant."

名叫「我，移民」。

And the exhibition traveled to multiple cities,

這場巡迴展覽到過許多城市，

including Miami, Houston, Madrid, Barcelona,

包括邁阿密、休士頓、 馬德里、巴賽隆納，

and we're hoping for more places.

我們希望還能去更多地方。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

The show has become a meeting space for the diaspora,

這場展覽成了移民的會面場所，

for people to gather and recognize their shared experiences of suffering

讓大家同聚並體認到

同為移民所承受的相似經歷。

that come with immigration.

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

What I want these drawings to convey

我盼這些畫作能傳達： 移民不是罪犯。

is that an immigrant is not a criminal.

An immigrant is a person whose life has been broken.

移民只是人生破碎的人。

A person who has very likely been separated from their family

他們很可能在不人道的條件下

under inhumane conditions.

與家人失散。

Who has been forced to leave their country in search of a better life.

他們可能被迫離開祖國 去尋找更好的生活。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A drawing can be a synthesis of a place,

一張畫作可能是一個地方、

a universe, a country or a society.

一個宇宙、一個國家， 或一個社會的縮影。

它也可能代表某個人的內在思緒。

It can also represent the inner workings of someone's mind.

For me, drawing cartoons is a form of resistance.

對我來說，畫漫畫 是一種對抗的形式。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

A cartoon is like a Rosetta stone.

漫畫就像是羅塞塔石碑。

If we throw it into outer space,

若把它丟到外太空，

a future alien would be able to know with certainty

未來的外星人可以 肯定知道，在過去，

that in the past,

we once had a civilized world with free thinking.

我們曾有過一個容許 自由思想的文明世界。

(Speaks Spanish)

（說西班牙語）

That one wall that my mother gave me the freedom to draw on feels infinite.

母親容許我畫的那面牆， 仿若無邊無際。

And it's for that reason that I am still drawing.

為此，我繼續畫畫。

Thank you very much.

非常謝謝。

(Cheers and applause)

（歡呼及掌聲）