James Balog: Time-lapse proof of extreme ice loss

181,156 views ・ 2009-09-09

TED


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譯者: Inder Peng(彭) 審譯者: Jeannie Cheng
00:18
Most of the time, art and science stare at each other
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大部分的時間,
00:22
across a gulf of mutual incomprehension.
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藝術和科學格格不入.
00:25
There is great confusion when the two look at each other.
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如果硬要相提並論那麼就會造成很多疑惑.
00:30
Art, of course, looks at the world through the psyche,
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藝術當然著眼於內在心靈,情感的世界
00:34
the emotions -- the unconscious at times -- and of course the aesthetic.
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有時甚至是潛在意識的--還有當然是審美觀念。
00:38
Science tends to look at the world through the rational, the quantitative --
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科學的世界趨向理性,量化--
00:43
things that can be measured and described --
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東西可以衡量和描述--
00:46
but it gives art a terrific context of understanding.
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但也因此它給了藝術的一個很好的環境被理解和明白
00:50
In the Extreme Ice Survey,
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在我們極度冰川調查中,
00:54
we're dedicated to bringing those two parts of human understanding together,
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我們致力於將人類認識的藝術和科學
00:59
to merging the art and science
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融合一起,
01:01
to the end of helping us understand nature
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最終幫助我們更加了解
01:04
and humanity's relationship with nature better.
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自然和人類的關係.
01:08
Specifically, I as a person
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更具體來說,
01:10
who's been a professional nature photographer my whole adult life,
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成長後我的專業一直是自然風景攝影師,
01:14
am firmly of the belief that photography, video, film
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我堅信攝影,錄像和電影
01:18
have tremendous powers for helping us understand
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有強大的力量來幫助我們理解,
01:22
and shape the way we think about nature
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雕塑我們對自然的思維方式
01:25
and about ourselves in relationship to nature.
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和我們跟自然的關係.
01:28
In this project, we're specifically interested, of course, in ice.
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在這個計劃中,我們特別感興趣的當然是冰。
01:32
I'm fascinated by the beauty of it, the mutability of it,
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我迷上了它的美麗,它的千變萬化性,
01:36
the malleability of it,
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它的延展性,
01:38
and the fabulous shapes in which it can carve itself.
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及它自己可以雕刻本身成各種神奇的形狀。
01:41
These first images are from Greenland.
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第一批的這些圖片是從格陵蘭照的。
01:43
But ice has another meaning.
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但冰有另外的含義。
01:45
Ice is the canary in the global coal mine.
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冰提供地球發生危機的先兆( 像礦坑中的金絲雀作用一樣)
01:48
It's the place where we can see and touch and hear and feel climate change in action.
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在冰川這地方,我們可以用五官去看,觸摸,聽到,和感覺到氣候變化的現象.
01:54
Climate change is a really abstract thing in most of the world.
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對世界上大多數人來說氣候變化是一個非常抽象的東西。
01:58
Whether or not you believe in it is based on your sense of
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不管你是否根據您自己感覺
02:01
is it raining more or is it raining less?
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有否下雨較多還是下雨變少了.
02:03
Is it getting hotter or is it getting colder?
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或是氣溫越來越熱或是越來越冷.
02:05
What do the computer models say about this, that and the other thing?
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或是根據電腦模式計算,還有其他計算方法
02:10
All of that, strip it away. In the world of the arctic and alpine environments,
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把這一切方法,都放一邊吧! 在北極和高地氣候的環境中,
02:14
where the ice is, it's real and it's present.
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冰是指標,[氣候變化]是真真的而且是在當下
02:17
The changes are happening. They're very visible.
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這些現時發生的變化。是非常明顯,
02:20
They're photographable. They're measurable.
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可用照相檔案來衡量的.
02:23
95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking.
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世界上百分之95的冰川正在縮退或變小.
02:28
That's outside Antarctica.
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這是南極洲之外圍(照片).
02:30
95 percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking,
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世界上百分之95的冰川正在退縮或變小,
02:33
and that's because the precipitation patterns and the temperature patterns are changing.
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因為降雨量和溫度模式改變.
02:37
There is no significant scientific dispute about that.
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對此科學上並沒有重大爭議,
02:41
It's been observed, it's measured, it's bomb-proof information.
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它是已被觀察到,已被測量出,這是鐵證如山的証明.
02:44
And the great irony and tragedy of our time
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對我們這個時代而言最諷刺和最可悲的是
02:46
is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that.
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很多人還在認為,科學家們仍在爭論(氣候不正常變化)這一點.
02:51
Science is not arguing about that.
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其實科學已完全接受這一點.
02:53
In these images we see ice from enormous glaciers,
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由這些圖像,我們看到
02:58
ice sheets that are hundreds of thousands of years old
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幾千萬年的冰塊從廣大的冰川上
03:00
breaking up into chunks, and chunk by chunk by chunk,
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分解成一塊,和一塊,一塊塊的,變成一座座冰山,
03:04
iceberg by iceberg, turning into global sea level rise.
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而這些冰山把全球海平面提高上升。
03:07
So, having seen all of this in the course of a 30-year career,
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雖經過30年的職業生涯的浸淫,
03:11
I was still a skeptic about climate change until about 10 years ago,
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直到大約10年前,我仍然對氣候變化持懷疑態度
03:14
because I thought the story of climate change was based on computer models.
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因為我覺得這個是根據電腦程式而計算的氣候變化模型.
03:20
I hadn't realized it was based on concrete measurements
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我沒有意識到它是根據確實的歷史氣候測量數據—
03:24
of what the paleoclimates -- the ancient climates -- were,
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就是paleo 氣候-—古代氣候 --
03:27
as recorded in the ice sheets, as recorded in deep ocean sediments,
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它們被記錄在冰床中,被記錄在深海沉積物中,
03:33
as recorded in lake sediments, tree rings,
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被記錄在湖泊沉積物中,樹木年輪
03:35
and a lot of other ways of measuring temperature.
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和很多測量溫度其他方式裡.
03:39
When I realized that climate change was real, and it was not based on computer models,
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當我意識到氣候變化是真實的,它不是基於電腦程式模型,
03:44
I decided that one day I would do a project
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我決定有一天我會
03:46
looking at trying to manifest climate change photographically.
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運用攝影來展現氣候變化.
03:50
And that led me to this project.
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然後我就組織這個計劃團隊.
03:53
Initially, I was working on a National Geographic assignment --
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最初,我的工作是一項有關國家地理雜誌的計劃,
03:56
conventional, single frame, still photography.
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很傳統的,單一的框架的攝影.
03:58
And one crazy day, I got the idea that I should --
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但有一天,我有一個瘋狂的主意.我應該—
04:02
after that assignment was finished --
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當這工作完成之後--
04:04
I got the idea that I should shoot in time-lapse photography,
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我應該拍攝自動定時照片.
04:08
that I should station a camera or two at a glacier
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我應該安裝一,兩台照相機對著冰川,
04:12
and let it shoot every 15 minutes, or every hour or whatever
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讓它每15分鐘,或者每隔一小時或不同間隔拍攝一次,
04:15
and watch the progression of the landscape over time.
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看冰川的風景隨著時間的推移而轉變的情形.
04:18
Well, within about three weeks,
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在大約三個星期內,
04:21
I incautiously turned that idea of a couple of time-lapse cameras
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我不知不覺把定時照相機從兩台
04:24
into 25 time-lapse cameras.
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增加成25台.
04:26
And the next six months of my life were the hardest time in my career,
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於是接下去的六個月,是我職業生涯中最困難的時候,
04:31
trying to design, build and deploy out in the field these 25 time-lapse cameras.
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我試圖設計,建造和部署了這25台定時照相機.
04:37
They are powered by the sun. Solar panels power them.
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它們都採用了太陽能充電,
04:41
Power goes into a battery. There is a custom made computer
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然後電源進入電池內儲存.用一種特製的電腦,
04:44
that tells the camera when to fire.
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來監控定時照相機的開闢.
04:47
And these cameras are positioned on rocks on the sides of the glaciers,
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這些照相機被安裝在冰川邊的岩石上
04:51
and they look in on the glacier from permanent, bedrock positions,
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然後從穩定的岩床位子
04:54
and they watch the evolution of the landscape.
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記錄觀察冰川不斷的演變.
04:57
We just had a number of cameras out on the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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我們剛在格陵蘭冰床設放幾台照相機.
05:00
We actually drilled holes into the ice, way deep down below the thawing level,
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實際上,我們在冰床鑽孔,一直深入到不會被融化的那層冰為止,
05:05
and had some cameras out there for the past month and a half or so.
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然後把相機架好在那兒一個月或半月等等.
05:08
Actually, there's still a camera out there right now.
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現在我們仍有一台正在那兒拍照呢!
05:10
In any case, the cameras shoot roughly every hour.
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定時拍照的時間間隔是大約一小時,
05:13
Some of them shoot every half hour, every 15 minutes, every five minutes.
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有些半小時,15分鐘或5分鐘不等.
05:17
Here's a time lapse of one of the time-lapse units being made.
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這是定時拍攝的相片展示一台定時照相機的製造過程.
05:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:22
I personally obsessed about every nut, bolt and washer in these crazy things.
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我個人瘋狂熱衷的用每一個螺母,螺栓和墊圈去組成這些定時照相機.
05:26
I spent half my life at our local hardware store
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當我們最初興建這些相機時,
05:28
during the months when we built these units originally.
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我一半的生命是花費了在附近的五金店.
05:33
We're working in most of the major glaciated regions of the northern hemisphere.
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我們工作研究的地方主要是北半球的大多數冰川地區,
05:39
Our time-lapse units are in Alaska, the Rockies, Greenland and Iceland,
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我們把定時攝影器材設立在阿拉斯加,落基山脈,格陵蘭,冰島,
05:43
and we have repeat photography positions,
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我們會在同一地方重複攝影,
05:45
that is places we just visit on an annual basis,
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這些地區我們每年都會去.
05:48
in British Columbia, the Alps and Bolivia.
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像是不列顛哥倫比亞省,阿爾卑斯山和玻利維亞。
05:51
It's a big undertaking. I stand here before you tonight
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這是一個艱鉅的任務。今晚我站在這裡,
05:53
as an ambassador for my whole team.
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在你面前代表整個團隊。
05:56
There's a lot of people working on this right now.
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有很多人現在都在做這項工作。
05:58
We've got 33 cameras out this moment.
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在這一刻我們有33個照相機在外。
06:01
We just had 33 cameras shoot about half an hour ago
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半小時前我們有33相機拍攝完成,
06:05
all across the northern hemisphere, watching what's happened.
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在北半球記錄冰川的差別.
06:08
And we've spent a lot of time in the field. It's been a fantastic amount of work.
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我們花了很多時間在冰川那裡.也得到大量且驚人的照片。
06:12
We've been out for two and a half years,
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我們已經進行了兩年半了,
06:14
and we've got about another two and a half years yet to go.
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我們大概還會再繼續另外兩年半的時間.
06:16
That's only half our job.
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這只是我們一半的工作。
06:18
The other half of our job is to tell the story to the global public.
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我們另一半的工作是告訴全球公眾冰川變化的故事。
06:22
You know, scientists have collected this kind of information
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你知道嗎,科學家斷斷續續
06:27
off and on over the years, but a lot of it stays within the science community.
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已經收集這類信息多年,但很多資訊只停留在科學界。
06:32
Similarly, a lot of art projects stay in the art community,
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同樣,很多藝術作品只有藝術界知道,
06:36
and I feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like TED,
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我感到非常有責任通過各種機制像TED,
06:42
and like our relationship with the Obama White House,
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像我們與奧巴馬白宮與參議院的關係,
06:45
with the Senate, with John Kerry, to influence policy
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與約翰克里辦公室的交情,
06:49
as much as possible with these pictures as well.
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用這些照片去盡量影響法律政策.
06:51
We've done films. We've done books. We have more coming.
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我們已經完成電影,出版有關書籍。未來我們會做更多。
06:55
We have a site on Google Earth
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我們甚至有一個網站在谷歌地球(Google Earth),
06:57
that Google Earth was generous enough to give us,
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這是谷歌慷慨免費給我們的-
07:00
and so forth, because we feel very much the need to tell this story,
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所有的一切,是因為我們感到非常有必要告訴大家這件事,
07:04
because it is such an immediate evidence of ongoing climate change right now.
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因為這是一個直接證據可証明現在氣候變化正在進行。
07:11
Now, one bit of science before we get into the visuals.
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現在,讓我們先討論一點科學數據,然後再看影片
07:14
If everybody in the developed world understood this graph,
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如果每個先進國家的每個人理解這圖表,
07:18
and emblazoned it on the inside of their foreheads,
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而且把此圖牢牢的記憶在腦海內
07:21
there would be no further societal argument about climate change
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那將來群眾就不會有任何對氣候變化的爭論,
07:25
because this is the story that counts.
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因為事實勝雄辯.
07:28
Everything else you hear is just propaganda and confusion.
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其他的不同理論只不過是一種宣傳和混亂視聽的手段.
07:32
Key issues: this is a 400,000 year record.
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關鍵是:這是40萬年來氣象紀錄圖,
07:35
This exact same pattern is seen going back now
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几乎完全一樣的這種氣象變化模式.
07:37
almost a million years before our current time.
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已經約有一百萬年了.
07:40
And several things are important.
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這有幾件事情是很重要的。
07:43
Number one: temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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一:溫度和在大氣中的二氧化碳含量
07:46
go up and down basically in sync.
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基本上是同步上揚或下降.
07:48
You can see that from the orange line and the blue line.
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這你可從橙色線和藍線中看到。
07:51
Nature naturally has allowed carbon dioxide to go up to 280 parts per million.
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大自然的自然法則是可容許二氧化碳含量上升到百萬分之280(280ppm)。
07:58
That's the natural cycle.
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這是自然的循環。
08:00
Goes up to 280 and then drops
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上升到280然後
08:02
for various reasons that aren't important to discuss right here.
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由於種種原因就會下跌,這不是今天重點,所以現在不討論。
08:05
But 280 is the peak.
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但280是其最高點.
08:07
Right now, if you look at the top right part of that graph,
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現在,如果你看看右上角的圖那部分,
08:10
we're at 385 parts per million.
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我們正處於385ppm。
08:12
We are way, way outside the normal, natural variability.
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這大大超過正常,自然的變異範圍.
08:17
Earth is having a fever.
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地球正在發燒。
08:19
In the past hundred years, the temperature of the Earth
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在過去的百年裡,地球的溫度
08:22
has gone up 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, .75 degrees Celsius,
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已經上升了華氏1.3度,或攝氏0.75度,
08:27
and it's going to keep going up
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而且這將繼續下去
08:29
because we keep dumping fossil fuels into the atmosphere.
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因為我們把化石燃料廢氣
08:32
At the rate of about two and a half parts per million per year.
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以每年2.5ppm的速度持續排放到大氣中。
08:35
It's been a remorseless, steady increase.
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這現象一直無情堅持不懈,穩步增長。
08:38
We have to turn that around.
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我們必須要扭轉這種現象,
08:40
That's the crux, and someday I hope to emblazon that
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這是關鍵所在,有一天我希望有紀念碑
08:43
across Times Square in New York and a lot of other places.
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橫跨在紐約時代廣場和許多其他地方來提醒我們。
08:46
But anyway, off to the world of ice.
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但現在,回到冰之世界。
08:48
We're now at the Columbia Glacier in Alaska.
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我們現在在阿拉斯加的哥倫比亞冰川。
08:50
This is a view of what's called the calving face.
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這個照片是有關所謂的冰川裂開形成冰山的切面。
08:53
This is what one of our cameras saw over the course of a few months.
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這是我們的一個照相機在這幾個月中所記錄的。
08:56
You see the glacier flowing in from the right,
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你瞧瞧冰山從右邊流出,
09:00
dropping off into the sea, camera shooting every hour.
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落入海中,我們每隔一小時拍攝一次。
09:03
If you look in the middle background,
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如果你看中間部份的背景,
09:05
you can see the calving face bobbing up and down like a yo-yo.
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你可以看到形成冰山的切面向上和向下漂浮像溜溜球一樣。
09:09
That means that glacier's floating and it's unstable,
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這意味著該冰川是浮動的,不穩定的,
09:12
and you're about to see the consequences of that floating.
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你將看到它浮動後的後果是什麼。
09:15
To give you a little bit of a sense of scale,
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為了讓您更瞭解它代表的意義我們用數字表示,
09:18
that calving face in this picture
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這照片中,產生冰山的切面
09:20
is about 325 feet tall. That's 32 stories.
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大約325英尺高。相當於32層樓房。
09:25
This is not a little cliff. This is like a major office building in an urban center.
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這不是一個小斷崖。這就像在城市中心一個高大的辦公建築。
09:30
The calving face is the wall where the visible ice breaks off,
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該切面像面牆,而在此可見到冰斷裂剝離,
09:35
but in fact, it goes down below sea level another couple thousand feet.
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這切面在低於海平面下還有兩千英尺。
09:40
So there's a wall of ice a couple thousand feet deep
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所以這個冰牆還要向下兩千英尺深.
09:44
going down to bedrock if the glacier's grounded on bedrock,
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無論是穩固的冰川或是漂浮的冰山都還要向
09:48
and floating if it isn't.
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下伸展兩千英尺深.
09:52
Here's what Columbia's done. This is in south central Alaska.
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以上是發生在哥倫比亞的。接著討論阿拉斯加中南部。
09:56
This was an aerial picture I did one day in June three years ago.
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這是我三年前在六月的某一天所拍的空中鳥瞰圖。
10:01
This is an aerial picture we did this year.
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這是我們今年拍的。
10:04
That's the retreat of this glacier.
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看這冰川主流幹後退的情況.
10:07
The main stem, the main flow of the glacier is coming from the right
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此照片中冰川主流幹是冰水冰塊快速從右邊
10:11
and it's going very rapidly up that stem.
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流入湧進主流幹.
10:14
We're going to be up there in just a few more weeks,
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數星期後,我們還會到那裡.
10:18
and we expect that it's probably retreated another half a mile,
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我們預估冰川主流幹會再後退半英里,
10:21
but if I got there and discovered that it had collapsed
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但是如果我們看到一切都瓦解了,
10:24
and it was five miles further back, I wouldn't be the least bit surprised.
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而冰川主流幹又後退5公里,我一點也不會感到驚訝的.
10:29
Now it's really hard to grasp the scale of these places,
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這真的很難想像其尺寸規模,
10:32
because as the glaciers --
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因為這些冰川-
10:34
one of the things is that places like Alaska and Greenland are huge,
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比如從一方面來說,阿拉斯加和格陵蘭島這些地方的冰川是巨大的,
10:37
they're not normal landscapes --
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他們不是我們易見的景觀 -
10:39
but as the glaciers are retreating, they're also deflating,
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但由於冰川一直持續退縮,一直消減,
10:43
like air is being let out of a balloon.
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像一個氣球裡的空氣一直被釋放出來一樣。
10:46
And so, there are features on this landscape.
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而且這是個有特色的景觀。
10:49
There's a ridge right in the middle of the picture, up above where that arrow comes in,
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在這照片的正中有一列山嶺,在箭頭的上方位置,
10:53
that shows you that a little bit.
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箭頭使你可以更容易找到山嶺些.
10:55
There's a marker line called the trim line
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有一個標記線稱為修剪線,
10:58
above our little red illustration there.
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就在我們紅色標誌的上面.
11:02
This is something no self-respecting photographer would ever do --
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這可不是一個正常高尚攝影師會做的事情-
11:04
you put some cheesy illustration on your shot, right? --
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-放一些俗氣裝飾插圖在自己的照片中,你說是不是?
11:07
and yet you have to do it sometimes to narrate these points.
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但有時你必須這樣做,才能正確闡述要表達的重點。
11:11
But, in any case, the deflation of this glacier since 1984
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但是,不管如何,這個冰川自1984年
11:15
has been higher than the Eiffel Tower, higher than the Empire State Building.
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以來縮小程度已經超過艾菲爾鐵塔的高度,或帝國大廈的高度。
11:20
A tremendous amount of ice has been let out of these valleys
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當冰川後退及消失一直退縮回山谷時,
11:23
as it's retreated and deflated, gone back up valley.
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大量的冰山冰塊也從這些山谷中流失.
11:28
These changes in the alpine world are accelerating.
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這些變化現象在高山冰寒世界正在加速惡化。
11:31
It's not static.
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它不是靜態的。
11:33
Particularly in the world of sea ice,
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尤其是海洋中的冰世界,
11:36
the rate of natural change is outstripping predictions of just a few years ago,
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幾年前自然變化的速率已經是超越了預測,
11:40
and the processes either are accelerating
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而無論是加速過快
11:43
or the predictions were too low to begin with.
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或開始的時候預測過低。
11:45
But in any case, there are big, big changes happening as we speak.
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無法否認,在我們說話這時,氣象已有大大的變化。
11:50
So, here's another time-lapse shot of Columbia.
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這裡有另一個定時拍攝哥倫比亞照片,
11:54
And you see where it ended in these various spring days,
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你可以看到在春天每月不同的變化景觀,
11:57
June, May, then October.
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六月,五月,可能的話也包含十月.
11:59
Now we turn on our time lapse.
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現在我們起動定時拍攝儀器,
12:01
This camera was shooting every hour.
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每隔一小時拍攝一次
12:03
Geologic process in action here.
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地理景觀的變化正在發生
12:05
And everybody says, well don't they advance in the winter time?
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每個人都以為冬天情況就應該不會惡化.
12:08
No. It was retreating through the winter because it's an unhealthy glacier.
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但不是的!即使冬天也一直退縮,因為它是一個不健康的冰川。
12:11
Finally catches up to itself, it advances.
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一次比一次嚴重.冰川消失一直在進行.
12:18
And you can look at these pictures over and over again
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你可以一遍又一遍看這些照片,
12:20
because there's such a strange, bizarre fascination in seeing
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看到這些照片真有一個奇怪的,奇異的感覺,
12:24
these things you don't normally get to see come alive.
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因為正常狀況你不可能見到這樣的現象,彷彿有生命一像.
12:27
We've been talking about "seeing is believing "
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我們都知道百聞不如一見,
12:29
and seeing the unseen at TED Global.
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而此時在TED Global我們看到本應看不見的景觀.
12:32
That's what you see with these cameras.
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全都因為照相機的鏡頭,
12:35
The images make the invisible visible.
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這些照片使無形變可見。
12:42
These huge crevasses open up.
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巨大的冰隙裂開來,
12:44
These great ice islands break off --
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一些巨大的冰島脫離冰川而漂流走
12:47
and now watch this.
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現在看這個。
12:49
This has been the springtime this year --
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這是今年春天
12:57
a huge collapse. That happened in about a month,
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一個巨大的崩離。這發生大約需要一個月,
12:59
the loss of all that ice.
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流失很多冰。
13:11
So that's where we started three years ago,
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這就是我們三年的成果,
13:13
way out on the left, and that's where we were a few months ago, the
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從最左邊最早開始起到右邊幾個月前的結果,
13:15
last time we went into Columbia.
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也就是我們最近進入哥倫比亞冰川的時刻.
13:18
To give you a feeling for the scale of the retreat,
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為了讓你更感覺得到冰川撤退規模,
13:20
we did another cheesy illustration,
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我們再用插圖來表達,
13:22
with British double-decker buses.
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如果用英國雙層巴士來計算,
13:25
If you line up 295 of those nose to tail, that's about how far back that was.
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須要295輛雙層巴士頭碰尾緊接排一線才夠長,
13:30
It's a long way.
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那可是很長的距離啊.
13:35
On up to Iceland.
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讓我們回到冰島。
13:37
One of my favorite glaciers, the Sólheimajökull.
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我最喜歡的冰川之一,名叫Sólheimajökull。
13:43
And here, if you watch, you can see the terminus retreating.
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在這裡,如果你注意,你可以看到邊際一直在後退,
13:46
You can see this river being formed.
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你可以看到河流正在形成,
13:48
You can see it deflating.
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你可以看到它(冰川)在縮小。
13:56
Without the photographic process, you would never see this. This is invisible.
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如果沒有攝影的過程,你絕不會看到這現象。這是你看不見的。
14:00
You can stand up there your whole life and you would never see this,
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你可以永遠站在那裡也看不到這些現象,
14:03
but the camera records it.
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但是相機把它記錄下來了。
14:09
So we wind time backwards now.
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現在讓我們把時光倒退
14:13
We go back a couple years in time.
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回到兩年前,
14:15
That's where it started.
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就是我們剛開始時的時刻.
14:23
That's where it ended a few months ago.
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然後這就是它數月前的景觀。
14:28
And on up to Greenland.
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接著來看格陵蘭島。
14:31
The smaller the ice mass, the faster it responds to climate.
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冰體越小,受氣候影響速度越快.
14:35
Greenland took a little while to start reacting
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格陵蘭島經過一段時間才開始對
14:38
to the warming climate of the past century,
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上個世紀出現的氣候變暖現象產生反應.
14:41
but it really started galloping along about 20 years ago.
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事實上大約20年前情況才加速惡化
14:45
And there's been a tremendous increase in the temperature up there.
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當然那邊氣溫也上升很多.
14:48
It's a big place. That's all ice.
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很大的地方。全部都是冰。
14:50
All those colors are ice and it goes up to about two miles thick,
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照片中有顏色的部份都是冰,冰層大約有兩公里厚.
14:54
just a gigantic dome that comes in from the coast and rises in the middle.
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像一個巨大的圓形巨蛋,從海岸升起展延到中間最高.
14:58
The one glacier up in Greenland
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在格陵蘭島裡有一個冰川
15:00
that puts more ice into the global ocean
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分裂融入全球海洋的冰
15:02
than all the other glaciers in the northern hemisphere combined
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比所有在北半球其他冰川融入的更多:
15:05
is the Ilulissat Glacier.
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那就是Ilulissat冰川
15:07
We have some cameras on the south edge of the Ilulissat,
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我們把一些相機設立在Ilulissat冰川南方邊緣的地區,
15:10
watching the calving face as it goes through this dramatic retreat.
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面臨著冰山的裂切面並且觀察它驚心動魄的撤退融化。
15:14
Here's a two-year record of what that looks like.
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這裡是一個為期兩年的紀錄,
15:16
Helicopter in front of the calving face for scale, quickly dwarfed.
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直升機對著在冰山的裂切面來顯示它的規模, 鏡頭拉遠直升機就會迅速變小.
15:21
The calving face is four and a half miles across,
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這裡的冰山的裂切面是4.5英里.
15:23
and in this shot, as we pull back, you're only seeing about a mile and a half.
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在這張照片即使我們儘量後退也只能照到1.5英里.
15:26
So, imagine how big this is
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因此,你可以想像,這是有多大,
15:28
and how much ice is charging out.
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有多少冰在此流失.
15:30
The interior of Greenland is to the right.
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格陵蘭內陸是在右邊.
15:32
It's flowing out to the Atlantic Ocean on the left.
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所以冰是流出到左邊的大西洋.
15:35
Icebergs, many, many, many, many times the size of this building, are roaring out to sea.
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冰山。比這座建築物大很多很多倍的冰山咆哮洶湧的併入大海。
15:41
We just downloaded these pictures a couple weeks ago,
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我們幾個星期前才下載這些照片,
15:43
as you can see. June 25th,
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你看,是6月25日
15:47
monster calving events happened.
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妖魅巨大的冰山裂切發生。
15:49
I'll show you one of those in a second.
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我等會讓你們看見其中的一個.
15:51
This glacier has doubled its flow speed in the past 15 years.
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在過去15年內,這個冰川的流動速度增加了一倍。
15:56
It now goes at 125 feet a day, dumping all this ice into the ocean.
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現在它用每天125英尺的速度,把所有的冰傾倒到海洋裡。
16:01
It tends to go in these pulses, about every three days,
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它們傾向以每三天一個週期往前移動,
16:03
but on average, 125 feet a day,
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但平均而言,每天125英尺,
16:05
twice the rate it did 20 years ago.
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比20年前快兩倍的速度
16:09
Okay. We had a team out watching this glacier,
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好。我們有一個小組正在觀看著這冰川,
16:13
and we recorded the biggest calving event that's ever been put on film.
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於是我們記錄下電影未曾記錄過的最大冰山裂切事件。
16:16
We had nine cameras going.
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我們有九個照相機同時攝影。
16:18
This is what a couple of the cameras saw.
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而這是一些照相機所記錄的。
16:22
A 400-foot-tall calving face breaking off.
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一個400英尺高的冰山正裂切脫離。
16:26
Huge icebergs rolling over.
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巨大的,巨大的冰山翻滾入海。
17:13
Okay, how big was that? It's hard to get it.
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嗯,你猜那有多大呢?這很難去想像它。
17:16
So an illustration again, gives you a feeling for scale.
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因此,再次用插圖說明這種具體規模的感覺。
17:19
A mile of retreat in 75 minutes
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大概一英里冰山裂切只要75分鐘,整個
17:22
across the calving face, in that particular event, three miles wide.
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冰山裂切面的出口一英里,三英里寬。
17:26
The block was three-fifths of a mile deep,
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該區塊約是五分之三英里深,
17:28
and if you compare the expanse of the calving face
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如果你比較冰山裂切面的寬度和
17:31
to the Tower Bridge in London, about 20 bridges wide.
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倫敦的倫敦塔橋比較,是須要20座橋的闊度。
17:34
Or if you take an American reference, to the U.S. Capitol Building
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或者,如果你拿到一個美國的地標做參考,如美國國會大廈,
17:38
and you pack 3,000 Capitol Buildings into that block,
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須要3000座美國國會大廈才能填滿那區域,
17:42
it would be equivalent to how large that block was.
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就相當那麼大.
17:47
75 minutes.
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而這些崩裂都在75分鐘內發生。
17:51
Now I've come to the conclusion
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現在,我已經得出結論,
17:53
after spending a lot of time in this climate change world
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在花了很多時間研究有關於氣候變化後
17:56
that we don't have a problem of economics, technology and public policy.
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那就是我們的問題不是經濟,技術和政治議題。
18:00
We have a problem of perception.
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我們的問題是在於認知方面的.
18:03
The policy and the economics and the technology are serious enough issues,
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當然,政治政策和經濟和技術上的問題是很嚴重,
18:06
but we actually can deal with them.
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但我們其實可以解決的。
18:08
I'm certain that we can.
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我非常肯定,我們有能力能解決。
18:11
But what we have is a perception problem
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但我們有一種認知方面的問題,
18:13
because not enough people really get it yet.
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因為沒有足夠多的人真正知道瞭解這件氣候變化問題
18:17
You're an elite audience. You get it.
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你們是精英群眾。你們瞭解它。
18:19
Fortunately, a lot of the political leaders in the major countries of the world
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幸運的是,許多世界上主要國家的的政治領導人
18:23
are an elite audience that for the most part gets it now.
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都是精英人物,大多數都瞭解它的嚴重性。
18:27
But we still need to bring a lot of people along with us.
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但是,我們仍然需要很多人跟我們一起努力。
18:30
And that's where I think organizations like TED,
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而這正是我認為像TED這樣的組織,
18:34
like the Extreme Ice Survey can have a terrific impact
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像極度冰川調查對人類認知方面有一個很大
18:37
on human perception and bring us along.
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的影響力,使我們團結一起。
18:40
Because I believe we have an opportunity right now.
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因為我相信我們現在還有一個機會。
18:42
We are nearly on the edge of a crisis,
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即使,我們正面臨危機,
18:45
but we still have an opportunity to face the greatest challenge
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但我們仍然有一個機會去逆轉危機.
18:49
of our generation and, in fact, of our century.
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這是我們這一代最大的挑戰,事實上,是這世紀最大的挑戰。
18:52
This is a terrific, terrific call to arms
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是該大家備戰了!
18:56
to do the right thing for ourselves and for the future.
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一同努力為我們自己和未來做對的抉擇.
18:59
I hope that we have the wisdom to let the angels of our better nature
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我希望我們有智慧,讓我們發揮我們善良的一面,
19:02
rise to the occasion and do what needs to be done. Thank you.
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做什麼需要做的事情. 謝謝.
19:06
(Applause)
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拍手!
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