Let's protect the oceans like national parks | David Lang

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Carol Wang

So, of all my childhood memories,

我所有的童年記憶中，

there is one that stands above the rest.

有一個記憶讓我難以忘懷。

And that is the time that my brave parents

那時，我勇敢的父母

rented an RV, packed it with me and my brothers,

租了一台野營旅遊車， 載著我和我的兄弟們，

and drove west from our house in Minneapolis,

從我們在明尼亞波利斯的家出發，

out to Yellowstone National Park.

一路西行，前往黃石國家公園。

We saw all the sights, like the geysers, we stopped at the Badlands,

我們逛了每個景點，如間歇泉， 還順路去了惡地國家公園，

but more than any of the places, I remember this as an adventure.

但和去過的其他地方相比， 這次西行對我來說才是奇特之旅，

This was my introduction to the Wild West.

這是我初次接觸蠻荒的美國西部。

But it wasn't until I got older

但一直到我長大些，

and I learned more about the National Park System

對國家公園體制了解更多之後，

that I realized just how lucky I was.

才知道自己當時有多幸運。

One, to have that experience,

第一，我有幸能有那段經歷，

but also that, hundreds of years ago,

還有，數百年前，

people had the foresight to set aside the very best places,

人們遠見卓識地保留了最美的地方，

the very best ecosystems in the country, for everyone.

將全國最棒的生態系統留給大家。

And for future generations.

留給未來的世代。

And to really appreciate just how prescient that idea was,

若要能夠真正欣賞

那樣的想法多麼有先見之明，

you have to go back

你得要回去看一下 國家公園管理局的歷史。

and you have to look at the history of the National Parks Service.

So, a lot of people know, the first national park was Yellowstone, in 1872.

很多人都知道，第一座國家公園 是 1872 年成立的黃石公園。

A lot of people think of John Muir, the poet, naturalist,

許多人會想起詩人 及自然主義者約翰繆爾，

who was such a visionary

這位具有遠見卓識的人

in getting people inspired by the idea of conservation --

用設置保護區的想法激發了人們——

that we need to take the best places and protect them.

我們必須要接管 最棒的地方並保護它們。

He had an audience in very high places --

他有一位身居要職的聽眾——

there's a great story of Teddy Roosevelt and John Muir

說的是泰迪羅斯福在擔任總統期間，

going hiking, in Yosemite, during his presidency,

和約翰繆爾到優勝美地健行的故事，

four days, completely off the grid, just the two of them.

就他們兩人，完全與世隔絕， 在那裡整整一起待了四天。

Can you imagine a president

你們能夠想像一個總統

actually just going completely off the grid for four days?

整整四天斷絕與外界的一切聯絡嗎？

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

No tweeting.

沒對外發佈任何「推文」。

(Laughter) (Applause)

（笑聲）（掌聲）

Like that idea.

我喜歡那個想法。

(Applause)

But he had a great impact on Theodore Roosevelt.

但是，

他對泰迪羅斯福產生了極大影響，

And he created dozens of national parks,

羅斯福創建了幾十座國家公園

hundreds of thousands of square acres of national wildlife refuges.

和數十萬英畝的 國家野生動植物庇護所。

It was an important administration, but it wasn't a done deal.

這是一項重要的管理舉措， 但並非已成舟的木。

Even less than 10 years after he created all of those new places,

在他創建了那些新地方 之後還不到十年，

the future of those places was very much in doubt.

那些地方的未來就令人堪憂了。

And it wasn't until this guy, Stephen Mather,

直到來自芝加哥的生意人斯蒂芬馬徹

a businessman from Chicago,

wrote an angry letter to the Department of the Interior, saying,

給內政部寫了一封憤怒的信，說：

"You guys aren't doing a good enough job protecting and preserving these places."

「你們這些人沒有做好 對這些地方的保護和保育。」

Then, something was done about it.

接著，就發生了後面的事情。 內政部回信給他：

The Department of the Interior wrote him back.

"Mr. Mather, if you care so much about this,

「馬徹先生，如果你如此在意這件事，

why don't you come to Washington and do it yourself?"

何不來華盛頓親自去做呢？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And he did.

他真的去了。

He took a job at the Department of the Interior,

他接下了內政部的一個職位，

but more importantly, he started a campaign.

但，更重要的是，他發起了一項運動。

He actually had a meeting two blocks from here, in 1914,

1914 年，就在離這裡兩個街區 以外的地方，他開了一場會議，

in California Hall,

就在加州廳裡，

and he brought together the park superintendents and a few other people

他召集了公園的主管們

和其他幾個支持保護區想法的人。

who cared about this idea of conservation.

And they put together a plan, they hatched a campaign

他們訂出了一個計畫， 並策劃了一項活動，

that eventually led to the National Park Service in 1916.

最終促成在 1916 年 建立了國家公園管理局。

And that's really important.

那是非常重要的舉措，

Because it went from an idea that we should protect these places

因為它把保護那些地方的想法

to an actual plan,

變成了一個實際的計畫，

a way for people to enlist and carry that idea forward

變成為了後代而積極參與

並將想法付諸現實的途徑，

for future generations,

so little kids like me can go and have these amazing experiences.

才讓我這樣的小孩子 能親身體驗這些的非凡經歷。

That is the history of the National Parks on land.

那就是陸地上的國家公園歷史。

The ocean, what I want to talk to you about today,

而我今天想和各位談的是海洋，

is a completely different story.

那又是完全另一回事了。

And we are almost precisely 100 years behind.

我們落後了幾乎整整一百年，

So, the first marine sanctuary was in 1972,

第一個海洋庇護所建於1972 年，

after the oil spill in Santa Barbara,

在聖塔芭芭拉發生漏油事件之後，

people got interested in taking that concept

大家對那個概念燃起興趣，

and applying it to underwater environments.

並應用到水底下的環境。

We've had our own John Muir, who's Dr. Sylvia Earle,

我們也有自己的約翰繆爾， 就是席薇亞厄爾博士，

who's been a tireless advocate

她一直努力不懈地倡導 在全世界創立海洋保護區。

for creating these marine protected areas around the world.

So, I know there's a lot of bad news about the ocean,

我知道，關於海洋的壞消息很多，

there's plastic pollution, coral bleaching, over-fishing --

有塑膠污染、珊瑚白化、過度捕撈——

it's hard to take it all in sometimes.

有時實在很難全盤接收。

But this idea of setting aside places for nature is working.

但為大自然保留一些地方的 想法是行得通的，

Science tells us that if you set these places aside,

科學告訴我們，如果 你把這些地方留下來，

nature will come back and we can keep the oceans healthy.

大自然會回來，且我們 能夠讓海洋保持健康生態，

So we know this idea works.

我們知道這個想法行得通。

And Dr. Sylvia Earl has been influential, like John Muir,

就像約翰繆爾一樣，

席薇亞厄爾博士在推动施政上 一直很有影響力——

with administrations --

George W. Bush and Obama were both fantastic ocean presidents,

喬治布希和歐巴馬都是 很棒的海洋總統，

creating marine protected areas all around the country.

他們在全國各地創建海洋保護區。

This is not a conservative idea or a liberal idea,

這並不是一個保守派的想法， 或是自由派的想法，

it's not even an American idea,

這甚至不是一個美國的想法， 這就只是一個好的想法。

it's just a good idea.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）（掌聲）

(Applause)

但——

But --

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Here we are, a few years later.

幾年後，我們的處境是，

And now the administration is proposing to roll back a lot of the progress

現在的政府提議 要把我們過去二十年

所取得的許多進展倒退回去。

we've made in the past 20 years.

So, so, don't mourn -- organize.

所以，莫憂傷——要組織起來。

We need to do what Stephen Mather did 100 years ago.

我們需要效法 一百年前的斯蒂芬馬徹，

We need to start a campaign to get people engaged with this idea.

我們需要發起一個活動， 讓大家參與和支持這個想法。

And I think we need a league of citizen scientists for the ocean.

我認為我們需要為海洋 建立一個公民科學家聯盟。

And I've seen glimpses of this future, and I know that it's possible.

我曾看到過這種未來的曙光， 我知道它是可能的。

My friend Erik and I started building underwater robots,

我和我的朋友艾瑞克 開始建造水底機器人，

these little swimming cameras with lights that you can see underwater.

這些會游泳的小型攝影機 配有燈光，在水下也看得清。

We started building these in his garage five years ago,

五年前，我們開始在 他的車庫建造這些機器人，

and we've watched that grow

我們看著它成長，成為 這全世界數千人組成的團體，

into this community of thousands of people around the world,

who believe that everybody should have access to these places.

認為這些地方應該開放給所有人，

We all deserve the tools to go and explore.

我們都應該配有 能去那些地方探索的工具。

There's stories like Laura James,

有像勞菈詹姆斯的故事，

who used her robot to find out that sea stars in her area were dying.

通過她的機器人發現， 她所在區域的海星正在消失。

And she started this whole citizen science campaign,

為此，發起了公民科學活動，

collected data and drove awareness for sea-star wasting syndrome,

收集資料，引起大家 對海星萎縮狀況的注意，

to try and figure out what was happening there.

並試著查清那裡發生了什麼。

There are stories of fishermen in Mexico,

還有墨西哥漁夫的故事，

who used the robot to create marine protected areas

他們在拿索石斑魚產卵的地區，

where Nassau grouper were spawning, to protect the future of this species.

用機器人來創建海洋保護區， 以保護此物種的未來，

It's really amazing stuff.

這真的很了不起。

We found that if you give people the tools,

我們發現，如果給大家工具，

they'll do the right thing.

他們會去做應該做的事。

But we need to take it a step further.

但我們還要再前進一步。

And, actually, I think we can dust off Stephen Mather's playbook.

其實，我認為我們可以

重溫斯蒂芬馬徹的劇本。

So what did he do?

他做了什麼？

So, the first thing that he did was he focused on infrastructure.

他做的第一件事， 就是把焦點放在基礎設施上。

So 1914 wasn't just a time for the parks,

1914 年不只是公園的時代，

it was also a time for the automobile,

也是汽車的時代，

the Model T was rolling off the line,

生產線生產出了福特 T 型車，

and Stephen Mather understood

而斯蒂芬馬徹知道，

that this was going to be an important part of American culture.

這將是美國文化重要的一部分。

And so he partnered with highway associations around the country

所以，他和全國各地的 高速公路協會合作，

to build big, beautiful highways out to these parks.

建立通往這些公園的 大型、美麗的高速公路。

And it worked, he's basically invented car camping.

這招很有用，從根本上來講， 可說是他發明了汽車露營。

And he knew that if people didn't go to these places,

他知道，如果大家不去這些地方，

that they wouldn’t fall in love with them and they wouldn't care.

他們就不會愛上這些地方， 也就不會在乎這些公園。

So that was a really insightful idea that he had.

他的這個想法非常有洞見。

The second thing they did,

他們做的第二件事，

was they focused on visionary philanthropy.

就是把焦點放在有遠見的慈善上。

So, Stephen Mather was a successful businessman from Chicago,

斯蒂芬馬徹是來自 芝加哥的成功商人，

and anytime there was a parks association that needed funding,

不論何時，只要有 公園協會需要資助，

anytime there was a highway association that needed funding,

只要有高速公路協會需要資助，

they'd step in, write the checks, make it happen.

他們就會介入，簽支票， 資助他們做該做的事情。

There's a great story of his friend William Kent,

他的朋友威廉肯特 有一個很棒的故事，

who recognized there was a small patch of redwoods left on the base of Mount Tam,

他認出在塔瑪爾巴斯山的 山麓有一小片紅杉林，

and so he quickly bought the land

他很快就買下那塊地，

and donated it to this National Parks effort.

將它捐贈給這個國家公園計畫。

That's Muir Woods today --

那就是現今的穆爾伍茲森林—— 全國最受歡迎的國家公園之一。

it's one of the most popular national parks in the whole country.

My parents are visiting here from Minnesota,

我父母從明尼蘇達過來這裡，

and they don't really even care about this talk,

他們甚至不在乎這場演說，

all they're talking about is going to Muir Woods.

他們只是不斷地嘮叨 要去穆爾伍茲森林看看。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But the last thing is critical --

但，最後這件事很關鍵——

Stephen Mather focused on engagement.

斯蒂芬馬徹把焦點放在參與上。

In one of the first meetings that they had around this new system, he said,

在他們最初針對這個新體制 所開的其中一場會議上，他說：

"If you're a writer, I want you to write about this.

「如果你是作家， 我想請你寫這個議題。

If you're a business owner, I want you to tell your clubs and your organizations.

如果你是企業主，我想請你 跟你的俱樂部和組織說這件事。

如果你在政府部門工作， 我想請你通過這些規定。」

If you work for the government, I want you to pass regulation."

每個人都有工作要做，

Everybody had a job.

"Each of you, all of you, have a role to play

「每個人，所有人， 都能發揮自己的作用，

in protecting these places for future generations."

為子孫後代而保護這些地方。」

Each of you, all of you.

每個人，所有人。

I love that.

我很愛這句話。

That's the plan -- simple, three-point plan.

這個計畫就是這樣—— 很簡單，只有三個重點，

I think we can do the same.

我認為我們也可以這樣做。

So, this was the headline when Obama created

歐巴馬創立了帕帕哈瑙莫夸基亞

the Papahanaumokuakea National Monument:

國家海洋保護區時， 頭條是這樣寫的：

"Lots to see, but good luck trying to get there."

「那裡有很多值得看的，但怎麼去， 就只能說祝你好運了。」

But like Mather, we should focus on the technology of our time,

但，就像馬徹一樣，我們該把焦點 放在我們這個時代的科技上，

all of this new, amazing, digital infrastructure

可以建造出新的、 讓人嘆為觀止的數位基礎設施，

can be built to engage people with the oceans.

來讓大家和海洋連結。

So, the National Marine Sanctuary

所以，國家海洋保護區

has created all these wonderful VR 360 videos,

做出了這些很棒的 360 度虛擬實境影片，

where you can actually go and see what these places look like.

你可以真的去看一看 這些地方是什麼樣子的。

Our team is continuing to build new tools,

我們的團隊持續在建造新的工具，

this is our latest, this is the trident underwater drone,

這是我們最新的成果， 三叉水底無人機，

it's a diving submarine, it's sleek, you can fit it in a backpack,

它是一台潛水艇，流線型設計， 你可以把它放到背包裡，

it can go down to 100 meters, deeper than most divers can go.

它能下潛一百公尺，比大部分 潛水者能到的深度還更深。

It can see these environments that most people have never had access to.

它能看到大部分人 無法進入的這些環境。

New tools are coming and we need even better tools.

新工具面世了，而我們 還需要更好的工具。

We can also use more visionary philanthropists.

我們也需要更多有遠景的慈善家，

So, when Erik and I started this, we didn't have any money,

我和艾瑞克剛開始投入時， 一點錢也沒有，

we were building this in his garage.

我們在他的車庫建造出這個。

But we went to Kickstarter.

但我們去 Kickstarter 募資平台， 找到了超過一千八百人，

And we found over 1,800 people,

almost a million dollars we've raised on Kickstarter,

透過 Kickstarter， 我們募到了近一百萬美金，

finding other people who think,

發現很多人也認為：

"Yeah, that's a good idea.

「是啊，這是個好點子。 我想要成為其中一份子。」

I want to be a part of that."

We need more ways for people to get engaged

我們需要更多方式讓大家參與，

and become visionary philanthropists themselves.

讓他們自己變成有遠景的慈善家。

We've also had traditional philanthropists,

也有站出來資助我們的傳統慈善家，

who've stepped up to fund us

in the SEE initiative -- the Science Education and Exploration,

在 SEE 的計劃中——

SEE 是科學教育和探索的縮寫，

who are going to help us get donated units out to people on the frontlines,

他們幫我們把捐贈的設備 交給在第一線工作的人，

people who are doing the science, people who are telling the stories,

那些做科學的人、在說故事的人，

inspiring communities.

來激勵這些團體。

You can go on to OpenExplorer.com and see what people are doing,

你們可以到 OpenExplorer.com 網站上看看大家在做什麼，

it's hugely inspirational.

非常鼓舞人心。

And it will also, hopefully, spur you to get involved.

希望它也會鼓舞你參一腳。

Because there is plenty of room to get involved.

因為還有很多事情需要有人去做。

We want to hear what ideas you have for telling these stories.

我們想要聽聽，你對於 訴說的故事有怎樣的想法。

Because that's just it -- this is all about engagement.

確實就是這樣—— 重點就在於參與。

There's all sorts of interesting, new ways for people to participate

有各式各樣有趣的新方法

能讓大家參與保護這些地方。

in the protection of these places.

And the understanding.

還有就是了解。

Like, Reef Check -- scuba divers are going down and swimming transects

就像「珊瑚礁檢查」活動—— 浮潛者會潛下去，在樣帶遊走，

and counting fish and biodiversity data.

計算魚類和生物多樣性的數據。

They're getting the information we need to protect these places.

他們為我們搜集 保護這些地方所需要的資訊。

If you're going down to the beach, participate in MPA Watch.

如果你去海灘，可以參與 「海洋保護區看管」活動，

Document what activities you see going on in these different areas.

記錄下你在這些不同 地區所看到的活動。

There is room for everybody to participate here.

人人都有參與的機會，

And that's just it, that's what we need.

就這樣，這就是我們需要的。

We need to build a future for our grandkids' grandkids.

我們需要為我們孫子的孫子 建立一個未來。

Last month, I went out sailing,

上個月我出海航行，

and we got out to the Farallon Islands, 25 miles off the Gate.

來到了在（舊金山）金門外 大約 25 英哩的法拉隆群島。

And most people think of this as kind of a bird sanctuary,

大部分人以為它有點像鳥類保護區，

but we took our robot, and we sent it in.

但儅我們把機器人送下水後，

And the people on the boat were astonished at the life beneath the surface.

水面下的生命讓船上的人都驚呆了。

I mean, these are really, really important ecosystems.

我的意思是，這些是 非常非常重要的生態系統。

Really, and this is a whole wild world we haven't yet explored.

真的，這整個地方是我們 尚未探索過的野生世界。

And we have an opportunity right now,

就像一百年前的那些人一樣，

just as they did 100 years ago,

現在我們有機會，

to protect these places, to put in a plan, to keep people engaged.

可以保護這些地方， 訂一個計畫，讓大家參與。

So last year, when the executive order came out,

所以，去年當執行命令發佈後，

putting all of the progress we've made,

我們所取得的所有進展

all of these new marine protected areas, under review,

及這些新海洋保護區都要接受審查，

there were over 100,000 people who commented online.

有超過十萬人在線上發表意見。

Almost all of these letters were saying,

幾乎所有這些信件都在說：

"Don't do it; protecting these places is the right thing to do."

「行政命令不能這麼做； 保護這些地方才是正確的行為。」

My message to those 100,000 people, those 100,000 letters is:

我給這十萬人、 這十萬封信的回應訊息是：

don't wait for Washington.

別等華盛頓，

We can do this ourselves.

我們完全可以自己來做。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）