It's time for the law to protect victims of gender violence | Laura L. Dunn
49,970 views ・ 2018-05-23
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譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: Adrienne Lin
00:13
Throughout the United States,
there is growing social awareness
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在美國各地,
社會意識不斷在成長,
00:17
that sexual violence and harassment
are far too common occurrences
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意識到性暴力和性騷擾太常發生在
00:20
within our various institutions --
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我們的各種機構當中——
00:23
occurrences often
without any accountability.
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發生卻沒有人負責。
00:27
As a result, the Me Too
movement is upon us,
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因此,出現了「我也是」運動,
00:29
and survivors everywhere
are speaking out to demand change.
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各地的性暴力倖存者
都勇於出聲,要求改變。
00:32
Students have rallied against
sexual assault on campus.
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學生團結起來,對抗校園性侵。
00:35
Service members have demanded
Congress reform the military,
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軍隊成員要求國會要改革軍方,
00:39
and workers ranging from
Hollywood stars to janitorial staff
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還有勞動者,從好萊塢
明星到工友都有,
00:43
have called out sexual harassment
in the workplace.
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大聲說出在工作場所的性騷擾遭遇。
00:47
This is a tipping point.
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這是個關鍵轉折點。
00:49
This is when a social movement
can create lasting legal change.
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在這樣的時刻,社會運動
能夠創造出長久的法律改變。
00:53
But only if we switch tactics.
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但前提是我們要改變戰略。
00:56
Instead of going institution
by institution, fighting for reform,
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不是再一個機構一個機構
造訪,為改革而戰,
01:01
it's time to go to the Constitution.
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現在該是把矛頭
指向憲法的時候了。
01:04
As it stands, the US Constitution
denies fundamental protections
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現在的美國憲法拒絕將基本的保護
01:08
to victims of gender violence
such as sexual assault,
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提供給性別暴力受害者,如性侵、
01:11
intimate partner violence
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親密伴侶暴力,
01:13
and stalking.
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及跟蹤的受害者。
01:14
Specifically, the Fourteenth Amendment
of the Constitution,
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明確來說,憲法第十四修正案
01:17
which prohibits state governments
from abusing its citizens,
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禁止州政府虐待其公民,
01:22
does not require state
governments to intervene
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但它卻沒有要求州政府去干涉
01:24
when private parties abuse its citizens.
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私方對於其公民的虐待。
01:28
So what does that mean in real life?
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那在現實中是什麼意思?
01:30
That means that when a woman
calls the police from her home,
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意思就是,當一名女子
從家中打電話報警,
01:33
afraid that an intruder may attack her,
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說她很害怕,覺得有位
闖入者可能會攻擊她,
01:36
she is not entitled
to the state's protection.
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此時她卻沒資格得到州的保護。
01:40
Not only can the police fail to respond,
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不但警方可以不回應,
01:43
but she will be left
without any legal remedy
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若最後確實發生了
本可預防的傷害,
01:45
if preventable harm occurs as a result.
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她仍然無法得到任何法律賠償。
01:49
How can this be?
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怎麼會這樣?
01:50
It is because the state, theoretically,
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原因是因為,在理論上,
01:53
acts on behalf of
all citizens collectively,
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州可以代表整體公民來做事,
01:57
not any one citizen individually.
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但不可代表個別的公民。
02:00
The resulting constitutional flaw
directly contradicts international law,
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這樣所產生出來的憲法瑕疵,
直接與國際法律抵觸,
02:05
which requires nation-states to intervene
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國際法律要求民族國家要干涉
02:07
and protect citizens against
gender violence by private parties
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並保護公民,
避免受到私方的性別暴力,
02:11
as a human right.
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這是一種人權。
02:13
Instead of requiring intervention,
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我們的憲法不但沒有要求干涉,
02:15
our Constitution leaves discretion --
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反而是把酌情權——
02:18
discretion that states have used
to discriminate systemically
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州用來做系統性區別的酌情權——
02:21
to deny countless victims any remedy.
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用來拒絕提供任何賠償給受害者。
02:25
Unlike what you may have seen
on "Law & Order: SVU,"
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和影集《法律與秩序:特殊受害者》
演的不一樣,
02:28
justice is rare for victims
of gender violence.
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性別暴力的受害者通常
都不會見到正義伸張。
02:31
And even in those rare cases
where law enforcement has chosen to act,
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即使在少數的案例中,
執法單位選擇採取行動,
02:36
victims have no rights
during the resulting criminal process.
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在發生的刑事訴訟過程中,
受害者也沒有權利可言。
02:40
You see, victims are not parties
in a criminal case.
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你們要知道,在刑事案件中,
受害者並不算其中一方。
02:43
Rather, they are witnesses;
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他們的身分倒是像個證人。
02:45
their bodies, evidence.
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他們的身體,是證據。
02:48
The prosecution does not represent
the interests of a victim.
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檢方並不代表受害者的利益。
02:52
Rather, the prosecution represents
the interests of the state.
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檢方代表的反而是州的利益。
02:56
And the state has the discretion
to dismiss criminal charges,
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而州有酌情權,
可以駁回刑事指控,
02:59
enter lax plea deals
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進入鬆散的認罪協商,
03:01
and otherwise remove
a victim's voice from the process,
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並用其他方式讓受害者
無法在訴訟過程中發聲,
03:04
because again,
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因為,同樣的,
03:06
a state theoretically represents
the interests of all citizens collectively
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理論上,州代表的是
所有公民的集體利益,
03:11
and not any one citizen individually.
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不是任何個別公民。
03:16
Despite this constitutional flaw,
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儘管憲法有瑕疵,
03:18
some victims of gender violence
have found protections
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有些性別暴力的受害者還是在
03:20
under federal Civil Rights statutes,
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聯邦公民權法規底下找到保護,
03:22
such as Title IX.
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如教育法修正案第九條。
03:24
Title IX is not just about sports.
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教育法修正案第九條
不只和運動有關。
03:26
Rather, it prohibits all forms
of sex discrimination,
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它禁止所有形式的性別歧視,
03:29
including sexual violence and harassment
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包括在接受聯邦資助的
教育專案計畫中
03:32
within educational programs
that accept federal funding.
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發生的性暴力和性騷擾。
03:36
While initially targeting
sex discrimination within admissions,
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雖然一開始的目標是
為了防止入學的性別歧視,
03:39
Title IX has actually evolved over time
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教育法修正案第九條
仍有隨著時間演變,
03:42
to require educational institutions
to intervene and address gender violence
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開始要求教育機構
干涉和處理性別暴力,
03:46
when committed by certain parties,
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只要是由某些方所犯下的,
03:48
such as when teachers, students
or campus visitors commit sexual assault
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比如老師、學生,
或校園訪客犯下性侵
03:53
or harassment.
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或性騷擾。
03:55
So what this means
is that through Title IX,
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所以,意思就是說,
透過教育法修正案第九條,
03:58
those who seek access to education
are protected against gender violence
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接受教育的人能受到保護,
不受到性別暴力的傷害,
04:02
in a way that otherwise
does not exist under the law.
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在法律之下,其他情況
是沒有這種保護方式的。
04:05
It is Title IX that requires
educational institutions
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教育法修正案第九條要求教育機構
04:09
to take reports
of gender violence seriously,
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要認真看待關於性別暴力的通報,
04:11
or to suffer liability.
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否則就要負責任。
04:14
And through campus-level proceedings,
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透過校園層級的訴訟程序,
04:16
Title IX goes so far as to give
victims equitable rights
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教育法修正案第九條
能夠做到在校園訴訟程序中
04:19
during the campus process,
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給予受害者公平的權利,
04:21
which means that victims can represent
their own interests during proceedings,
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也就是說,在訴訟程序中,
受害者可以代表他們自身的利益,
04:25
rather than relying on
educational institutions to do so.
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而不用依靠教育機構
來代表他們的利益。
04:30
And that's really important,
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這點十分重要,
04:31
because educational institutions have
historically swept gender violence
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因為教育機構過去有不良記錄,
刻意隱瞞性別暴力,
04:35
under the rug,
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04:36
much like our criminal justice
system does today.
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和我們現今的刑事司法體制很像。
04:40
So while Civil Rights
protects some victims,
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所以,雖然公民權能保護一些受害者,
04:42
we should want to protect all victims.
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我們應該要保護的是所有的受害者。
04:45
Rather than going
institution by institution,
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與其一個機構一個機構造訪,
04:48
fighting for reform on campus,
in the military, in the workplace,
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為了校園、軍隊、
工作場所的改革而戰,
04:51
it's time to go to the Constitution
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現在該是把矛頭指向憲法,
04:55
and pass the Equal Rights Amendment.
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並通過平等權利修正案的時候了。
04:57
Originally proposed in 1923,
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平等權利修正案
原本在 1923 年提出,
04:59
the Equal Rights Amendment would guarantee
gender equality under the law,
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旨在保障法律下的性別平等,
05:04
and much like Title IX on campus,
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很像教育法修正案第九條之於校園,
05:06
that constitutional amendment could
require states to intervene
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該憲法修正案能夠要求各州去干涉
05:09
and address gender violence
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並處理性別暴力,
05:11
as a prohibitive form
of sex discrimination.
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做為禁止性別歧視的一種措施。
05:14
While the Equal Rights Amendment
did not pass in the 1970s,
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雖然在七○年代,
平等權利修正案沒有被通過,
05:18
it actually came within
three states of doing so.
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其實已經有三個州就快要通過了。
05:21
And within the last year,
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去年,
05:22
at least one of those states
has ratified the amendment,
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至少其中一州已經批准了該修正案,
05:26
because we live
in different political times.
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因為我們身在不同的政治時代。
05:29
From the Women's March
to the Me Too movement,
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從女性大遊行到「我也是」運動,
05:31
we have the growing
political will of the people
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大家不斷成長的政治意志
05:34
necessary to create lasting, legal change.
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已經足以創造出長久的法律變遷。
05:37
So as a victims' rights attorney
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所以,身為維護受害者權利的律師,
05:38
fighting to increase
the prospect of justice
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我努力為全國各地的倖存者
05:41
for survivors across the country
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伸張正義,
05:43
and as a survivor myself,
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我也同為受害者,
05:46
I'm not here to say, "Time's Up."
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我不是來這裡說「時間到了」。
05:49
I'm here to say, "It's time."
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我是來這裡說「是時候了」。
05:51
It's time for accountability
to become the norm after gender violence.
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該是建立準則讓性別暴力
犯罪者負責任的時候了。
05:54
It's time to pass
the Equal Rights Amendment,
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該是通過平等權利修正案的時候了,
05:58
so that our legal system
can become a system of justice,
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這樣我們的法律體制
才能變成正義的體制,
06:01
and #MeToo can finally become "no more."
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而「我也是」才能終於
能夠變成「不再發生」。
06:06
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:07
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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